8

Question 1

law of segragation

Answer 1

one alle is inerited from each parent

Question 2

law of independant assortment

Answer 2

different traits are inherited independently of each other

Question 3

point mutation

Answer 3

miscopying of one or a small number of nucelotides
-substiution
-insertion
-deletion

Question 4

chromosomal mutation

Answer 4

changes in postion of gene within the chromasone

Question 5

whole chromasome mutation

Answer 5

an entire chromasome is lost during meiosis

Question 6

random firtilisation

Answer 6

random sperm bind with random egg

Question 7

homeozygous

Answer 7

if both alleles are identical

Question 8

heterozygous

Answer 8

two alleles are different
dominant - expressive
recessive- only expressive when two ressesive

Question 9

test cross

Answer 9

cross with homozygous recessive to see if a plant is heterozygous or homozygous dominant

Question 10

co-dominance

Answer 10

both are dominant
e.g pink and blue form purple
base letter has to be written e.g blood group i

Question 11

homogametic

Answer 11

female
-one gamete

Question 12

heterogametic

Answer 12

male
two gametes

Question 13

dihybrid inheritence

Answer 13

two characteristics are determined by two difference genes on different chromosomes

Question 14

genetic kai squared

Answer 14

if number < crit
accept null hypothesis
there is no statistically significant difference between the observed numbers and the mendelian predicted outcomes
less than 5% chance that the results are not due to chance

Question 15

autosomal linakge

Answer 15

when two or more genes that are being inherited are located on the same autosome (not sex chromosomes)
identify the allele pairs in the parent gametes
e.g when heterozygous the dominant/recessive are inherited together

Question 16

pure breeding

Answer 16

homozygous

Question 17

hardy weinberg equations

Answer 17

allele frequency
-p + q = 1
-p dominant
-q ressescive
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
-p^2 proportion homo dom
-2pq proportion hetero
-q^2 proportion homo recses

Question 18

hardy weinburg assumtions

Answer 18

large population
mating is random
no mutations occur
no immigration or emigration
no natural selection

Question 19

stabilising selection

Answer 19

frequency of a few alleles are high but others are reduced
so stable for a long time
common allele more likely to survive

Question 20

directional selection

Answer 20

one extreme trait is favoured
pushing population in one direction

Question 21

diruptive selection

Answer 21

selection against the mean
average trait eliminated
two rare traits survive and reproduce

Question 22

genetic drift

Answer 22

change in allle frequency due to chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die

Question 23

founder affect

Answer 23

loss of genetic variation that occurs when a small number of individuals leave the main population and make up a new population where the alleles are unlikely to be representative of the whole population

Question 24

genetic bottleneck

Answer 24

size of population dramatically decreases normally from a environmental disaster
reduction in gene pool

Question 25

parent phenotypes

Answer 25

state before cross questions
sex chromasomes- gene at top of x/y

Question 26

similarities and differences of stabilising and disruptive selection

Answer 26

s-
change frequency of alleles
select against phenotypes
d-
disruptive selection
selects against mean
2 distinct populations
stabilising
selects against extremes
maintains one population