6.3

Question 1

leucocytes

Answer 1

white blood cells
granulocyte - contain granules
-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-basophil
agranulocyte - no granules
-lymphocyte
-monocyte

Question 2

non specific response

Answer 2

physical, chemical and mechanical barriers
attempt to stop all pathogens
biological responses

Question 3

examples of non specific immune response

Answer 3

skin
tears-lysozyme
stomach acid
washing- sneezing, weeing
inflammation

Question 4

inflamation

Answer 4

second defence
lucocytes drawn to infected area
- fight and eliminate
-tissue repair
mast cells degranulate forming histamines
histamines then move the leucocytes by causing the capillaries to dilate
increase in cells so inflamed

Question 5

temprerature increase

Answer 5

hypothalamus increases temp to inhibit bacteria growth
prolonged high temperatures can damage tissues and cause water loss

Question 6

mast cells

Answer 6

reside in skin and mucosal tissue
activate when come into contact with foreign antigens
release histamines when activated

Question 7

phagocyte

Answer 7

detect foreign antigens
engulf pathogen by phagocytosis to form phagosome
Lysosomes release enzymes into the phagosome that hydrolyse proteins & lipids to digest & destroy the pathogen.

Question 8

basophils

Answer 8

release histamines
circulate in bloodstream

Question 9

eosinophils

Answer 9

lobed nucleus allowing to engulf pathogens
produce chemicals that counter inflammation

Question 10

humoral response

Answer 10

body fluid
specific antibodies

Question 11

cell mediated response

Answer 11

response to own body cells that have altered self antigen
e.g cancer / virus

Question 12

mhc

Answer 12

Major Histocompatibility Complex. It is a molecule found on the cell surface membrane of all cells and is used to present antigens, both self and non-self.

Question 13

antigen presenting cell

Answer 13

Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
phagosome
lysosome
Cytokines
once they engulf they will present part of the cell on their surface attached to mhc

Question 14

phagocytosis

Answer 14

Phagocytic cells such as macrophages, engulf and digest pathogens.
They then present antigens of these pathogens on their surface.
Antigens are presented to T cells and their T cell receptors, this then activates those cells.
Activated T cells divide by mitosis, creating many more identical copies of each specific cell T cell.

Question 15

helper t cells

Answer 15

T Cells are made in the bone marrow, but mature in the thymus gland
Each helper T Cell has a unique T Cell receptor on its surface that fits a specific antigen.
T cells can only recognise antigen presented to them on MHC from an antigen presenting cell
Activated T Cells divide rapidly by mitosis, creating many clones.
These Helper T Cells will activate other cells in the cell-mediated response.
-Develop memory cells
-Stimulate phagocytes
-Stimulate B-cells
some remain as memory cells

Question 16

t helper cell activation

Answer 16

bacteria engulfed and digested
antigen attached to mhc antigen
macrophage becomes antigen presenting cell to t helper
cd4 of t helper cells bind to macrophage

Question 17

killer t cells (Cytotoxic)

Answer 17

Killer T-cells can attack body cells which have been antigenically altered by viruses or cancer cells.
They destroy the pathogen by punching holes through their cell surface membranes so the cell contents spill out. This is called cell lysis.

Question 18

B cells

Answer 18

made and matured in the bone marrow
Mature B cells circulate in the bloodstream concentrated in the lymph glands, where lymph fluid drains back into the blood.
each produce a specific antibody (protein) that target specific pathogens/antigens
produce antibodies
can be attached to membrane or released
recognise antigens

Question 19

clonal selection

Answer 19

selecting the right close of b and t cells
- complimentary
activation of specific b cell with complimentary

Question 20

clonal expansion

Answer 20

cell undergoes mitosis so more cells have correct antibodies ( proliferation)

Question 21

differentiation

Answer 21

b cells -
- plasma cells
-b memory cells

Question 22

t cell independent

Answer 22

without t cells
A B cell and its membrane-bound antibodies recognises and attaches to antigens (free or attached to pathogens).
The B cell becomes activated, divides by mitosis and produces antibodies.

Question 23

t cell dependant

Answer 23

1. A B cell antibody receptor matches with its complementary antigen. A B cell internalises the antigen and presents it on its surface, a bit like an antigen presenting cell.
2. An activated T cell (by the same pathogen) binds to the B cell, via this presented antigen..
3. The T cell produces cytokines which activate the B cell.
   After activation, the B cell divides by mitosis to produce memory B cells and B effectors cells.
   B effector cells eventually differentiate into antibody producing plasma cells.

Question 24

Antibody opsonisation

Answer 24

a process by which a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis.

Question 25

neutralisation

Answer 25

antibodies bind to and inactivate viruses and toxins

Question 26

agglutination

Answer 26

antibodies attach to complimentary antigens and binding them together to form multiple pathogens together in a clump this prevents them moving through the body

Question 27

humoral response extended

Answer 27

virus has antigens on surface that bind to complimentory B cell receptors
B cellls become antigen presenting cells
complimentary t helper cells bind to b cells and produce cytokines
which activate b cells
b cells differentiate into plasma cells
which secrete antibodies

Question 28

time delay between infection and symtoms

Answer 28

time needed for
-enough cells to be damaged to cause symptoms
-to attach to host cells
-to infect host cells with virus
-new proteins
-assembly of new viruses

Question 29

exotoxins

Answer 29

-ve and +ve
protiens
living bacteria

Question 30

endotoxins

Answer 30

-ve only
lipopolydsaccharides
released from dead bacteria
later affect

Question 31

penicilin

Answer 31

bacteriocidal
-kills bacteria

Question 32

tetracycline

Answer 32

bacteriostatic

Question 33

cells with rna virus

Answer 33

rna made
capsid made
assembly of new viruses

Question 34

antibody producing cell

Answer 34

plasma cell

Question 35

irridation of cells + mitomycin

Answer 35

stops dna replication
so only one cells uptake measured

Question 36

primary immune response

Answer 36

antibody producing cells
apc binds to cd4
t memory cells activated
release cytocines
b memory cells activated
plasma cells release antibodies