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Rad Positioning I > Chapter 1 (pages 1-15) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (pages 1-15) Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Anatomy

A

The science of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

Definition of Physiology

A

How structures of the human body function

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3
Q

Structural Organization of Human Body

A

Chemical - Cells - Tissues - Organs - System - Organism

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4
Q

What happens at the Chemical level?

A

All chemicals necessary for maintaining life are composted of atoms.

Atoms join together to form molecules.

Molecules band together to form cells

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5
Q

Definition of Cells

A

Basic structural and functional unit of every human being. All parts are composed of cells.

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6
Q

Definition of Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.

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7
Q

Types of Tissues and their definition

A

Epithelial - tissue that covers internal and external surfaces of the body, including lining of vessels and organs

Connective - tissue that binds together and suports the various structures

Muscular - tissues that make up muscle

Nervous - tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centers

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8
Q

Definition of Organ and Organ System

A

Organ - perform a specific function for the human body

Organ System - consists of organs that perform a common or related function

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9
Q

What are the 10 systems of the body?

A

Skeletal
Ciculatory
Digestive
Repiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Nervous
Muscular
Endocrine
Integumentary

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10
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

Support and protect the body
Allow movement by working along with muscles
Produce blood cells
Stores calcium

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11
Q

What is the Circulatory System composed of?

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic system, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph glands

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12
Q

What are the functions of the Circulatory System?

A

Distributes O2 and nutrients to cells
Carries cell waste and CO2 from cells
Transports H2O and electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes
Prevents hemorrhaging by forming blood clots
Protects against disease
Helps regulate body temp

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13
Q

What makes up the Digestive System?

A

Alimentary canal - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

Assessory organs

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14
Q

What are the functions of the Digestive System?

A

Prepares food for absorption by cells through chemical and physical breakdown processes

Eliminates solid waste

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15
Q

What makes up the Respiratory System?

A

Two lungs, nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree

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16
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory System?

A

Supplies O2 in the blood
Eliminates CO2 in the blood
Assists in regulating acid-base balance of blood

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17
Q

Fuctions of the Urinary System

A

Produces, collects, and eliminates urine

Regulates chemical composition of blood
Eliminates many waste products
Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume
Maintains acid base balance of body

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18
Q

Functions of Reproductive System

A

To produce offspring

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19
Q

What makes up the Reproductive System (male and female)?

A

Male - testes, vas deferens, prostate, and penis

Female - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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20
Q

What makes up the Nervous System?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears

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21
Q

Function of the Nervous System

A

Regulate body activities with electrical impulses which travel along nerves

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22
Q

What makes up the Muscular System?

A

Muscle tissue:

Visceral - smooth and involuntary, located in the walls of hollow internal organs

Skeletal - composed of most of the body’s muscle mass (43%), striated and under volutary control

Cardiac - found only in the walls of the heart, involuntary, and striated

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23
Q

Functions of the Muscular System

A

Allows movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat

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24
Q

What makes up the Endocrine System?

A

Ductless glands including the testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal, and pituitary

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25
Q

Function of the Endocrine System

A

Regulate body activity by release of hormones through the bloodstream

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26
Q

What makes up the Integumentary System?

A

Skin and all structures derived from it - hair, sweat, nails, and oil glands

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27
Q

Function of the Integumentary System

A

Regulates body temp
Protects the body
Receives stimulus
Eliminates waste through perspiration

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28
Q

Definition of Osteology

A

Study of bones

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29
Q

Definition of Arthrology

A

Study of joints

30
Q

How many bones is the adult body composed of?

A

206

31
Q

What two parts is the human skeleton divided into?

A

Axial
Appendicular

32
Q

What is the Axial skeleton composed of?

A

Skull, verterbal column, ribs, and sternum. It has 80 bones

33
Q

What is the Appendicular skeleton composed of?

A

Upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and the pelvic girdle.
It has 126 bones.

34
Q

What bones are not counted in the number of bones in the skeleton?

A

Seasmoid bones

35
Q

What is the largest Sesamoid bone?

A

Patella (knee cap)

36
Q

What are the classifications of bones?

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

37
Q

Definition of Long Bones

A

Consist of a body and 2 ends, only found on appendicular skeleton

Ex: humerus, femur

38
Q

Defintion of Short Bones

A

Cuboidal and short shaped

Ex: wrist bones

39
Q

Definiton of Flat Bones

A

Consists of 2 plates of compact bone with spongy center

Ex: Scapula, sternum

40
Q

Definition of Irregular Bones

A

Peculiar shaped, all other bones

Ex: facial bones, vertebrae

41
Q

Definition of Ossification

A

The process by which bones form in the body

42
Q

Defintion of Diaphysis

A

The primary center of ossification in bones

43
Q

Defintion of Epiphysis

A

The secondary center at which bones form

44
Q

Where are Epiphyseal plates found?

A

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis until the skeletal growth is complete

45
Q

When is full physical maturity reached?

A

25 years

46
Q

Classification of Joints

A

Functional

Structural
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial

47
Q

Definition of Functional Joints

A

Classified by mobility or lack of mobility

48
Q

Types of Functional Joints

A

Synarthrosis - immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis - limited movement

Diarthrosis - freely moveable

49
Q

Definition of Structural Joint

A

Classified by the type of tissue that separates the ends of the bone

50
Q

Definition of Fibrous Joint

A

Lacks a joint cavity. Held together by fibrous connective tissue.

51
Q

Types of Fibrous Joints

A

Syndesmoses joint (distal tibiofibular) joint)

Sutures - of the skull

Gomphoses - teeth

52
Q

Definition of Cartilaginous Joints

A

Held together by cartilage

53
Q

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

A

Symphses - such as the public symphsis

Synchondroses - temporary form of a join such as a epiphyseal plate

54
Q

Definition of Synovial Joints

A

Freely moveable joints characterized by a fibrous capsule containing synovial fluid

55
Q

7 Movement of Synovial Joints

A

Plane (gliding)
Ginglymus (hinge)
Trochoid (pivot)
Ellipsoid (condyloid)
Sellar (saddle)
Spheroid (ball and socket)
Bicondylar

56
Q

Definition and examples of Plane (gliding) Joints

A

Sliding or gliding motion

Intermetacarpal
Carpometalcarpal
Intercarpal joints of the hand and wrist

57
Q

Definition and examples of Ginglymus (hinge) Joints

A

Permit flexion and extension

Interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toe
Ankle and elbow joints

58
Q

Defintion and examples of Trochoid (pivot) Joints

A

Provide rotational movements

Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
C1 and C2 vertebrae

59
Q

Defintion and examples of Ellipsoid (condyloid) Joints

A

provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

Wrist joints

60
Q

Defintion and examples of Sellar (saddle) Joints

A

provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

Thumb

61
Q

Defintion and examples of Spheroid (ball and socket) Joints

A

Greatest freedom of motion. Provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation

Hip and shoulder joints

62
Q

Defintion and examples of Bicondylar Joints

A

Provide movement in a single direction.

Knee and tempomandibular joint

63
Q

Composition of Long Bones

A

Outer shell is compact bone

The body (shaft) contains a thicker layer of compact bone than found at the ends

Spongy bone is found inside the compact bone and both ends of long bone, contains red bone marrow which is resposible for the production of red blood cells

Body is hollow and is known as the medullary cavity. The cavity contains yellow marrow

Periosteum covers bone except at the articulating surfaces. Essential for bone growth, repair and nutrition

Hyaline cartiage covers articulating surfaces

Nutrient artery passes through the bone via a nutrient foramen into the medullary cavity

64
Q

4 types of body habitus

A

Sthentic - average in shape

Hyposthentic - more slender than average

Hypersthenic - broad frame compared to average

Asthenic - Very thin or slender with a long and narrow build

65
Q

Example of long bones

A

Humerus, femur

66
Q

Example of short bones

A

Wrist and ankle bones

67
Q

Example of flat bones

A

Sternum, ribs, scapula

68
Q

Example of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae, facial bones, base of cranium, pelvic bones

69
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Occurs rapidly and takes place in bones that are needed for protection - sutures of flat bones of skull cap

70
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Bone replaces cartilage - occurs in mostly long bones

Rad Positioning I (37 decks)

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