Chapter 2

Question 1

How many divisions is the chest (thorax) divided into? What are they?

Answer 1

3 sections - bony thorax, repsiratory system, mediastinum

Question 2

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

Answer 2

Manubrium, body, and Xiphoid process

Question 2

What are two landmarks in chest positioning?

Answer 2

Vertebra prominens
Jugular notch (suprasternum, maubrial notch)

Question 3

What does the thoracic viscera consist of?

Answer 3

Heart, lungs, thymus gland, great vessels, trachea and esophagus

Question 4

What is conidered the level of mid thorax?

Answer 4

T-7

Question 5

What are the 4 divisons of the respiratory system?

Answer 5

Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Question 6

What happens when the diaphragm goes down?

Answer 6

Air is sucked into the lungs

Question 7

What happens with the diaphragm goes up?

Answer 7

Pushes air out of the lungs

Question 8

What is the pharynx?

Answer 8

A passage way for both food and air

Question 9

What makes up the roof of the mouth?

Answer 9

Hard plate (palentine bone), soft plate, and uvula

Question 10

Where is the larynx located?

Answer 10

Upper at C3 (hyoid bone)
Lower at C6

Question 11

What forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx?

Answer 11

Cricoid cartilage

Question 12

What is the trachea made from?

Answer 12

A fibrous muscular tube with about 20 c-shaped rings

Question 13

What is the function of the c-rings around the trachea?

Answer 13

Keep the tube from collapsing during inspiration

Question 14

What glands are located near the trachea?

Answer 14

Thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus

Question 15

Function of thyroid gland

Answer 15

Releases hormones for regulation of body metabolism, body growth, development and activity of the nervous system

Question 16

What is the maximum size of the thymus gland?

Answer 16

40 grams

Question 17

Function of thymus gland

Answer 17

Aids in the functioning of certain body immune systems

Question 18

When is the thymus gland the most prominent?

Answer 18

Infancy until age 4

Question 19

How many sections is the bronchi divided into?

Answer 19

Right - 3
Left - 2

Question 20

What is Carina?

Answer 20

The prominence at the lowest tracheal cartilage where it divides into the left and right bronchi

Question 21

What is the flow of bronchi to alveoli?

Answer 21

Main bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 22

What happens in the alveoli?

Answer 22

O2 and CO2 exchange

Question 23

How many lobes do the lungs have?

Answer 23

Right - 3
Left - 2

Question 24

What material are the lungs made of?

Answer 24

Parenchyma

Question 25

What is the double walled sac surrounding the lungs?

Answer 25

Pleura

Question 26

What are the different types of pleura?

Answer 26

Parietal pleura - outside wall Visceral pleura - inside wall

Question 27

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 27

A muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 28

What are the costaphrenic angles?

Answer 28

Outermost lower corner of the lungs - sometimes called the gutters

Question 29

What is the difference between hemothorax and pneumothorax?

Answer 29

Hemo - blood in pleural cavity Pnemuo - air in pleural cavity

Question 30

Where is the mediastinum?

Answer 30

Medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

Question 31

What are the structures located within the mediastinum?

Answer 31

Thymus gland Heart Great vessels Trachea Esophagus

Question 32

Where is the heart and great vessels located?

Answer 32

T5-T8, directly behind the posterior side of the sternum

Question 33

What is situs inversus?

Answer 33

Everything in the person's body is located on the opposite side

Question 34

What are the great vessels?

Answer 34

IVC, SVC, aorta, large pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 35

What vein returns blood to the heart from the upper half of the body?

Answer 35

SVC

Question 36

What vein returns blood from the lower half of the body?

Answer 36

IVC

Question 37

Where are the trachea and esophagus located?

Answer 37

Anterior to the spine until it passes through the diaphragm at T9

Question 38

What makes up the mediastinum?

Answer 38

Thymus gland, heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus

Question 39

What is the hilum?

Answer 39

Part of the mediastinum Bronchi, ateries, veins, and nerves connect to the lungs

Question 40

Where is the oropharynx?

Answer 40

Uvula to epiglottis

Question 41

Where is the nasopharynx?

Answer 41

Top of phayrnx; Posterior to the nose

Question 42

Where is the laryngopharynx?

Answer 42

Lies above and posterior to the larynx

Question 43

Which bronchi is more verticle?

Answer 43

Right

Question 44

Where should the ET tube stop?

Answer 44

Level of the carina

Question 45

What is surfactant?

Answer 45

Lines the alveoli and decreases the lung tension to prevent atelectasis

Question 46

What should be the technique for a chest xray with no grid?

Answer 46

80 kvp

Question 47

Use radiation protection for all anatomy except:

Answer 47

pelvis or abdomen

Question 48

From 0 to 4 months - pediatric xrays are done:

Answer 48

AP supine - should try and use a 45 degree sponge

Question 49

Peds kVp should be:

Answer 49

60-80, no grid

Question 50

Why is it important to be erect for CXR?

Answer 50

Easier to get a large breath, diaphragm moves more to gain space for lungs Shows air and fluid levels Prevents engorgement of blood to the pulmonary blood vessels (hyperemia)

Question 51

What should the distance be for a portable CXR?

Answer 51

40"-72"

Question 52

How does AEC work?

Answer 52

mAs starts at 0 and it will adjust automatically for body part

Question 53

What AEC cells should be on for a PA chest?

Answer 53

Two outer cells

Question 54

What AEC cells should be on for a lateral chest?

Answer 54

Center cells

Question 55

What do the AEC cells do?

Answer 55

Count the xrays

Question 56

What does the body habitus button control?

Answer 56

kVp

Question 57

Why should you use a fast screen with peds?

Answer 57

Decreases motion and patient expsoure

Question 58

What is the medical term for Adam's apple?

Answer 58

Thyroid cartilage

Question 59

What verterbra does the Carina line up with?

Answer 59

T4-T5

Question 60

What level is the Laryngeal prominence?

Answer 60

C5

Question 61

What level is the Trachea?

Answer 61

C6 to T4

Question 62

How should a decub be performed for fluid?

Answer 62

Suspected side should be down

Question 63

How should a decub be peformed for air?

Answer 63

Affected side should be up

Question 64

How should R/L Anterior obliques be performed?

Answer 64

Suspected side should be away from IR

Question 65

How sould R/L Posterior Obliques be performed?

Answer 65

Suspected side should be closest to the IR