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Rad Positioning I > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the urinary system

A

To produce urine and eliminate from the body

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2
Q

Urinary system consists of:

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra

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3
Q

How are the kidneys positioned in the abdominal cavity

A

Posterior, below the lower portion of the liver and spleen; between iliac crest and xiphoid

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4
Q

What angle are kidneys in the body

A

30 degrees

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5
Q

What system are the adrenal glands part of

A

Endorcine

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6
Q

Where are adrenals located

A

Superior portion of the kidneys, encompassed by the fatty capsule

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7
Q

What is the trigone

A

Posterior surface of the bladder; muscular entrance where the ureters enter and the urethra leaves

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8
Q

What does the trigone attach to

A

Floor of the pelvis

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9
Q

Total capacity of the bladder

A

350-500mL; feel the urge to go at 250mL

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10
Q

When does urinating become involuntary

A

When internal bladder pressure gets too high

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11
Q

Function of the prostate gland

A

Produces fluid whcih helps make the sperm swim

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12
Q

Where does the urethra exit the body

A

Inferior to pubic symphysis

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13
Q

Length of female urethra

A

4 cm

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14
Q

Length of male urethra

A

17-20 cm

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15
Q

Function of urethra in females

A

Pass urine outside the body

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16
Q

Function of urethra in males

A

Eliminates urine and a passageway for semen

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17
Q

Size of kidney

A

4-5” long
2-3” wide
1” thick

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18
Q

What muscles cause the kidneys to sit at a 30 degree angle

A

Psoas mucles

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19
Q

What muscles surround the kidneys

A

Quadratus lumborum
Erector spinae

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20
Q

Posterior obliques show which kidney

A

Opposite kidney

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21
Q

What surrounds each kidney

A

Adipose capsule or peritoneal fat

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22
Q

What is nephroptisis

A

Downward displacement of kidneys

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23
Q

How much urine is produced daily

A

1.5 L

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24
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Make urine
Removes nitrogenous waste
Regulates H20
Regulates acid-base balance and electrolyes

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25
Q

How much blood goes through the kidneys every 60 seconds

A

1 Liter

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26
Q

How much blood is reabsorbed after going through the kidneys

A

99%

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27
Q

Substance which forms the peripheral or outer portion of the kidney

A

Cortex

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28
Q

What forms the renal columns

A

Cortex dips down between the renal pyramids

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29
Q

Renal columns extend to form the:

A

Renal sinuses

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30
Q

What is underneath the cortex and composed of conical masses (pyramids)

A

Medulla

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31
Q

What makes up the conical masses (pyramids)

A

Collection of tubes that converge at an opening of the renal papilla (apex) and drain in the minor calyx

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32
Q

What forms the renal pelvis

A

Major calyces unite

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33
Q

Term used to describe the total function of the kidneys

A

Renal parenchyma

34
Q

Structural and functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

35
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney

A

1 million

36
Q

What are glomeruli

A

Tiny capillary tuffs formed from small arteries in the renal cortex

37
Q

Function of glomeruli

A

Filter blood

38
Q

How does blood move around the glomeruli

A

Afferent arterioles supply blood
Efferent arterioles take blood away to a seconday capillary network

39
Q

Each glomeruli is surrounded by a:

A

Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

40
Q

What is the path of filtrate from the glomerulus to the ureter

A

Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limbs
Ascending limbs
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal pelvis

41
Q

Arterial blood is received by the kidneys from the __________ aorta via the _________

A

Abdominal
Left and right renal arteries

42
Q

Renal veins dump into the:

A

IVC

43
Q

Renal veins are anterior or posterior to the heart

A

Anterior

44
Q

Longitudinal fissure where the renal artery, vein, lymphatics, nerves and ureter exit and enter

A

Hilum

45
Q

What two ways can contrast be introduced

A

IV (antegrade)
Catheter (retrograde)

46
Q

In iodinated contrast, iodine is the _______ element

A

Opacifying

47
Q

Ionic contrast has a positive charged chain element called the:

A

Cation (usually salt)

48
Q

What does the cation (salt) do in ionic contrast

A

Increases the solubility of the contrast (dissolves in the bloodstream)

49
Q

Ionic contrast has a negative charged element called the:

A

Anion

50
Q

Diatrizoate and iothalamte are examples of:

A

Common anions

51
Q

Once ionic contrast is injected, the _____ splits apart, creating two ions

A

Cation

52
Q

When the cation splits apart, it can cause a hypertonic condition, which is what?

A

Increase in blood plasma osmolariy

53
Q

How is non-ionic contrast different from ionic

A

Has no positively charged cations

54
Q

In non-ionic contrast, the carboxyl group is replaced by:

A

Amide or glucose

55
Q

Does non-ionic have low or high osmolarity?

A

Low (doesn’t increase blood plasma)

56
Q

What is the #1 nosocomial (hosptial acquired) infection

A

UTI

57
Q

What medications are used if a patient is allergic to contrast

A

Antihistamine (Benedryl)
Steroid (Decadron)

58
Q

What is the best patient position for an IVU

A

Prone

59
Q

Normal Creatinine level range

A

.6-1.5mg/dL

60
Q

Normal BUN levels

A

8-25 mg/100mL

61
Q

Normal GFR levels

A

> 60 mL/min

62
Q

How to determine the folcrum point for tomos

A

Distance from anterior to posterior / 3

63
Q

What pathology do the kidneys look like fat baby hands

A

Hydronephrosis

64
Q

Water-soluble iodinated contrast can be administered by:

A

Bolus injection
Drip infusion

65
Q

Is venipuncture an invasive or non-invasive procedure?

A

Invasive - skin is broken

66
Q

Where are the ideal veins located for IVU

A

Antecubital fossa

67
Q

The most commonly used veins are:

A

Medial cubital
Cephalic
Basilic

68
Q

Veins should be avoided that are:

A

Sclerotic (hardened)
Tortuous (twisted)
Rolling
Overused

69
Q

What hand is used to find the injection site

A

Non-dominant hand

70
Q

How high should turniquet be positioned

A

3-4” above the site

71
Q

What artery should be checked after the turniquet is on

A

Radial artery

72
Q

How should the bevel be facing

A

Upward

73
Q

What angle do you approach the vein

A

20-45 degrees

74
Q

Why type of medication is heparin or coumadin

A

Blood thinners

75
Q

What is Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

76
Q

What type of reaction is life-threatening

A

Vasovagal reaction

77
Q

Is an anaphylactic reaction a moderate or severe reaction?

A

Moderate

78
Q

What is the size of a normal ureter

A

28-34 cm long
1mm-1cm wide

79
Q

What curve does the ureter follow

A

Sacrococcygeal curve and lumbar

80
Q

What are the 3 constriction points of the ureter

A

UP junction
Brim of the pelvis
UV junction (most kidney stones get stuck)

Rad Positioning I (33 decks)

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