Pathology - Upper Extremity

Question 1

Fracture

Answer 1

Break in bone

Question 2

Contusion

Answer 2

Type of injury without a fracture or break in the skin

Question 3

Simple (closed) Fracture

Answer 3

Bone doesn’t break through the skin

Question 4

Compound (open) Fracture

Answer 4

Bone protrudes through the skin

Question 5

Incomplete (partial) Fracture

Answer 5

Fracture doesn’t traverse through the entire bone

Question 6

Complete Fracture

Answer 6

break is complete and includes the entire cross-section of bone
3 MAJOR TYPES:

1. Transverse fx.- fx line is transverse at a near right angle to the long axis of the bone
2. Oblique fx. - fx. line passes through bone at an oblique angle
3. Spiral fx. - bone has been twisted apart and the fx. line is spiral in shape

Question 7

Comminuted Fracture

Answer 7

The bone is splintered or crushed resulting in two or more fragments

Question 8

Avulsion Fracture

Answer 8

Results from severe stress to a tendon or ligament in a joint region. A fragment of bone is separated or pulled away by the attached tendon or ligament

Question 9

Chip Fracture

Answer 9

A fracture involving an isolated bone fragment

Question 10

Tuft/Burst Fracture

Answer 10

A comminuted fracture of the distal phalanx such as from a crushing blow to the distal finger

Question 11

Epiphyseal Fracture

Answer 11

Fracture through the epiphyseal plate. It’s one of the most easily fractured sites in long bones of children

Question 12

Torus Fracture

Answer 12

A buckle of the cortex in which there is localized expansion or torus of the cortex

Question 13

Greenstick Fracture

Answer 13

Incomplete fracture on one side only. The cortex on one side of bone is broken and the other side is bent

Question 14

Open Reduction

Answer 14

for severe fractures with significant displacement or fragmentation - a surgical procedure is required

Question 15

Closed Reduction

Answer 15

For those fractures in which there is misalignment requiring restoration to a normal position by manipulation - done without surgery

Question 16

Baseball Fracture

Answer 16

Fracture of distal phalanx from a ball striking end of extended finger

Question 17

Barton’s Fracture

Answer 17

Fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius

Question 18

Bennett’s Fracture

Answer 18

Longitudinal fracture at the base of the first metacarpal with the fracture line entering the carpometacarpal joint

Question 19

Boxer’s Fracture

Answer 19

Commonly involves the distal fifth metacarpal

Question 20

Colles Fracture

Answer 20

Fracture of an adult wrist in which the distal radius is fractured with the distal fragment displaced posteriorly. Results from a fall on out-stretched arm

Question 21

Carpel Tunnel Sydrome

Answer 21

Compression of the median nerve as it passes through the center of the wrist

Question 22

Joint Effusion

Answer 22

Accumulated fluid in the joint cavity

Question 23

Osteoarthritis

Answer 23

non-inflammatory joint disease – most common type of arthritis

Question 24

Osteopetrosis

Answer 24

Abnormally dense bone – increase technical factors

Question 25

Osteoporosis

Answer 25

Reduction in the quantity of bone – most fractures in women over 50 years is secondary to this – decrease technical factors

Question 26

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 26

Chronic systemic disease with inflammatory changes occurring throughout the connective tissues – decrease technical factors

Question 27

Skier’s thumb

Answer 27

Tear of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb - thumb is bent backwards

Question 28

Smith fracture

Answer 28

Transverse fracture of the distal radius with the distal fragment displaced anteriorly

Question 29

Most common type of primary malignant tumor occuring in bone

Answer 29

Multiple myeloma

Question 30

Pathologic conditions that need increase in exposure

Answer 30

Osteopetrosis
Paget Disease

Question 31

Pathologic conditions that need a decrease in exposure

Answer 31

Osteoporosis
Advanced rheumatoid arthritis