1460s

Question 1

What happened on 15 January 1460?

Answer 1

Warwick’s Calais men capture Sandwich, disrupting Margaret’s naval build-up.

Question 2

What political move did York make in Ireland from February to July 1460?

Answer 2

York summons the Irish Parliament to legitimise his authority during exile.

Question 3

Who was appointed to head a royal fleet against Warwick in March 1460?

Answer 3

Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter.

Question 4

What significant event occurred on 23 April 1460?

Answer 4

Henry Beaufort (Duke of Somerset) was defeated near Calais, weakening Lancastrian control of the Channel.

Question 5

What occurred during the Yorkist invasion in June 1460?

Answer 5

Warwick and Edward of March land with 2,000 men at Sandwich and are welcomed into London by 2 July.

Question 6

What was the outcome of the Battle of Northampton on 10 July 1460?

Answer 6

Yorkists achieved victory, capturing Henry VI and holding him in custody.

Question 7

What happened to Queen Margaret in mid-late July 1460?

Answer 7

She fled to Harlech with Prince Edward.

Question 8

Who was made Chancellor of England on 25 July 1460?

Answer 8

George Neville, Warwick’s brother.

Question 9

What significant claim did York make on 10 October 1460?

Answer 9

York formally claims the throne as heir of Lionel of Antwerp, causing outrage.

Question 10

What was established by the Act of Accord on 25 October 1460?

Answer 10

Henry VI remains king, but York and his heirs are recognised as successors.

Question 11

What happened on 30 December 1460?

Answer 11

York, Rutland, and Salisbury were killed by Queen Margaret’s army at the Battle of Wakefield.

Question 12

What alliance did Margaret finalize on 5 January 1461?

Answer 12

Prince Edward was to marry Princess Margaret of Scotland.

Question 13

What was the outcome of the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross on 2 February 1461?

Answer 13

Edward of March defeats Jasper Tudor, capturing and executing Owen Tudor.

Question 14

What happened at the Second Battle of St Albans on 17 February 1461?

Answer 14

Margaret’s army defeats Warwick’s, recovering Henry VI.

Question 15

What did London do on 22 February 1461?

Answer 15

The city bars entry to Margaret’s forces due to fear of lawlessness.

Question 16

When was Edward IV declared king?

Answer 16

On 1 March 1461, George Neville proclaims Edward of March as Edward IV.

Question 17

What occurred at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461?

Answer 17

The largest and bloodiest battle in English history results in a decisive Yorkist victory.

Question 18

When was Edward IV crowned?

Answer 18

On 28 June 1461 in Westminster.

Question 19

What happened on Christmas Eve 1462?

Answer 19

The Duke of Somerset surrenders to Edward IV and is pardoned in March 1463.

Question 20

What betrayal occurred in April 1463?

Answer 20

Ralph Percy lets Lancastrians into Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh.

Question 21

What siege did Henry VI and Margaret lay in July 1463?

Answer 21

They laid siege to Norham Castle with Scottish support.

Question 22

What did Edward sign between October and December 1463?

Answer 22

Truces with France and Scotland, cutting Margaret off from foreign aid.

Question 23

What was the outcome of the Battle of Dryslyn on 4 March 1464?

Answer 23

A Yorkist victory by Roger Vaughan and John Donne.

Question 24

What happened at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on 25 April 1464?

Answer 24

Montagu defeats the Lancastrian army, killing Ralph Percy.

Question 25

What was the result of the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464?

Answer 25

Montagu decisively crushes the Lancastrians, capturing and executing Somerset.

Question 26

What happened in late June 1464?

Answer 26

Final Northern Castles surrender, dismantling Lancastrian power in the north.

Question 27

What scandal occurred on 1 May 1464?

Answer 27

Edward IV secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville, a commoner and Lancastrian sympathiser.

Question 28

What was agreed in the Treaty of York on 1 June 1464?

Answer 28

A 15-year peace with Scotland.

Question 29

What did Edward reveal in September 1464?

Answer 29

He reveals his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, humiliating Warwick.

Question 30

What significant event occurred on 26 May 1465?

Answer 30

Elizabeth Woodville’s coronation, with Warwick absent as a political protest.

Question 31

What happened on 24 July 1465?

Answer 31

Henry VI is captured in Lancashire and imprisoned in the Tower of London.

Question 32

What significant birth occurred on 11 February 1466?

Answer 32

Princess Elizabeth, Edward IV’s first legitimate child with Elizabeth Woodville.

Question 33

What position did Richard Woodville attain in March 1466?

Answer 33

He became Treasurer of England, marking a key turning point for the Woodvilles.

Question 34

What promotion occurred on 24 May 1466?

Answer 34

Richard Woodville was created Earl Rivers, outraging older nobility.

Question 35

What marriage offensives occurred involving the Woodvilles?

Answer 35

John Woodville married Warwick’s aunt; Thomas Grey married Anne Holland; Mary Woodville married William Herbert’s heir.

Question 36

What tensions arose between Warwick and the Woodvilles?

Answer 36

Warwick resented being sidelined at court and publicly mocked Woodville’s low birth.

Question 37

What significant event happened in January 1467?

Answer 37

William Herbert’s son marries Mary Woodville, strengthening Woodville–Herbert ties.

Question 38

What happened in June 1467 regarding George Neville?

Answer 38

He was dismissed as Chancellor, worsening tensions with Warwick.

Question 39

What military position was Earl Rivers given on 24 August 1467?

Answer 39

He was made Constable of England, a powerful military post.

Question 40

What diplomatic issue arose in February 1468?

Answer 40

Margaret of York married Charles the Bold, strengthening the Burgundy alliance.

Question 41

What trade conflict occurred in July 1468?

Answer 41

A trade war with the Hanseatic League due to Edward’s poor diplomacy.

Question 42

What regional control did the Woodvilles gain in late 1468?

Answer 42

They gained control of Devon, extending their dominance.

Question 43

What was offered to Warwick by Louis XI in Spring 1469?

Answer 43

Holland and Zeeland in exchange for breaking Edward’s Burgundian alliance.

Question 44

What were the Robin of Redesdale and Holderness Rebellions about?

Answer 44

They claimed to be against Woodville corruption and promoted George, Duke of Clarence.

Question 45

What happened on 22 May 1469?

Answer 45

Warwick was absurdly appointed to suppress the very rebels he orchestrated.

Question 46

What significant marriage occurred on 11 July 1469?

Answer 46

Clarence married Isabel Neville in Calais, violating Edward’s orders.

Question 47

What was issued on 12 July 1469?

Answer 47

A manifesto by Warwick and Clarence denouncing the Woodvilles.

Question 48

What happened on 26 July 1469 at the Battle of Edgecote Moor?

Answer 48

Robin of Redesdale’s rebels defeat the royal army, capturing and executing Yorkist commanders.

Question 49

What was Edward IV's situation on 29 July 1469?

Answer 49

He was captured near Northampton by Warwick’s allies.

Question 50

What occurred in August 1469?

Answer 50

Warwick controlled the government and granted himself Herbert’s former offices.

Question 51

What happened on 12 August 1469?

Answer 51

Richard Woodville and his son John were executed after a show trial.

Question 52

What event occurred on 10 September 1469?

Answer 52

Edward IV was released after Warwick and Clarence failed to gain noble support.

Question 53

What happened on 27 October 1469?

Answer 53

Henry Percy was released from the Tower, likely to placate northern nobles.