1.6 Developments in Europe Flashcards
What were the mutual obligations of feudalism?
-a monarch, king, granted fiefs to lords. Lords became king’s vassal
-lords provided land to knights and knights became vassals of the lord, would fight for them.
-lords provided land and protection to peasant. Peasants were to farm lord’s land and obey orders
What is fuedalism?
A decentralized form of rule where land is exchanged for loyalty to a ruler.
What was the Magna Carta?
A document signed by King John of England limited the power of the king over nobles.
What were the two houses of English Parliament?
The House of Lords (nobles and Church officials) and the House of Commons (welathy townspeople).
What were manors in European fuedalism?
Estates or “fiefs”
What was the Manorial System?
A system of self-sufficiency for everyone living on the manor, producing everything everyone on the manor needed and limiting contact with the outside world.
What was the three-field system?
A strategy for crop rotation so the soil would be recharged with nitrogen and not overcultivated.
What were the borgeoisie or the burghers?
Europe’s middle class, occupying the space between nobility, clergy, and the peasants. This class included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landowners.
In 1054, the Great Schism happened. The Great Schism was a split in what?
The European Christian Church split into the Roman Catholic Church - dominant in most of Europe and the Orthodox Church - dominant in Greece eastward to Russia.
Who was Otto I?
A German king crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962.
What was the lay investiture controversy?
A controversy in the Holy Roman Empire over who got to invest bishops with the symbols of office - Popes or secular leaders.
Little Ice Age
A five-century cooling period beginning in the 1300s leading to agricultural productivity decline.
Humanism
The focus on inviduals over God
What were the crusades?
A series of European military compaigns in the Middle East between 1095 through the 1200s.
