16. Monera

Question 1

Shapes of Monera and diseases caused?

Answer 1

Spirillum- Cholera

Bacillus- Tb and Tetanus

Cocci- Sore throat and pneumonia

Question 2

Main features of monera (2)

Answer 2

Unicellular

Prokaryotes

Question 3

Draw and label bacteria cell

Answer 3

Flagellum
Plasmid
Capsule 
Wall 
Membrane
Granules
Mesomeme
Pili
Ribosome

Question 4

Function of: 
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Granules
Capsule
Flagella
Plasmid
Pili
Mesomeme

Answer 4

Cell wall- shape and structure 
Cytoplasm- holds organelles
Ribosome-makes protein 
Granules-storage
Capsule-protection
Flagella-movement
Plasmid-circular piece of DNA containing genes
Pili-sticks to surfaces
Mesomeme-respiration

Question 5

Bacterial nutrition types

Answer 5

Autotrophic
Can make its own food

Heterotrophic
Cannot make its own food

Question 6

Autotrophic types (2)

Answer 6

1.Photosynthetic
Makes own food using light energy.
Eg. Purple sulfur bacteria

2.Chemosynthetic
Use energy from chemical reactions to make food.
Eg. Nitrifying bacteria used in nitrogen cycle

Question 7

Heterotrophic types (2)

Answer 7

1. Saprophytic
   Lives off dead organic matter
   Eg. Bacteria in soil
2. Parasitic
   Live off living organisms
   Eg. Disease causing bacteria

Question 8

Bacteria reproduction

Answer 8

Asexual

Binary fission

Question 9

Binary fission process

Answer 9

1. DNA strand attaches itself to membrane and replicates
2. The cell elongates and DNA strands separate.
3. Cell divides in two and separates.
4. Two identical daughter cells are formed.

Question 10

What happens when conditions become unfavourable?

When does it happen?

Answer 10

An endospore forms.

After DNA replicates.
Endospore forms around replicated DNA
Parent cell breaks down and dies, endospore dormant.
When conditions favourable endospore absorbs water and breaks walls
Reproduces by Binary fission

Question 11

Factors affecting growth

Answer 11

Optimum temperature...20-30'C,
Optimum ph...7,
Optimum oxygen concentration,
Absence of competition and toxins
Abundant source of food

Question 12

Oxygen concentration (2 types)

Answer 12

Aerobic
Need oxygen
Eg. Streptococcus

Anaerobic
Do not need oxygen
Eg. E.Coli

Question 13

Economic importance
(Benefits)

Answer 13

1. Lactobacillus used in dairy products
2. Antibiotics
3. Bacteria in colon produce vitamins
4. G.M.O used in insulin, drugs, flavourings, vitamins. Eg. E.Coli

Question 14

Economic importance
(Harmful)

Answer 14

1. Cause diseases.
   Eg. Cholera caused by vibrio
   Tb caused by Mycobacterium
2. Spoil food
3. Cause tooth decay

Question 15

Pathogenic

Answer 15

Lives off host and causes disease

Question 16

Symbiotic

Answer 16

Relationship between two organisms where both benefit.

Eg. Bacteria that produces vitamins b and k in colon

Question 17

Antibiotics

What they are and what they do

Answer 17

Substance produced by micro-organisms

They stop the growth of or kill other micro-organisms.

Do not affect viruses!!

Question 18

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 18

When bacteria develop antibiotic resistance; antibiotics have no effect on them.
Bacteria strains have developed which are resistant to all known antibiotics.
Known as multi-resistant bacteria
Eg. MSRA

Question 19

Misuse of antibiotics and consequences

Answer 19

Results in increased growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria… Cannot control bacterial growth

Misuse:
1. Failure to complete prescription- can survive and regrow

2. Over use- body becomes immune so no effect on bacteria

Question 20

Growth curve of bacteria

Name 5 stages

Answer 20

Lag
Log
Stationary
Decline
Death/ Survival

Question 21

Lag phase
What happens?
Why?

Answer 21

What?
Small increase in bacteria numbers

Why?
Bacteria is adapting to new environment.

Question 22

Log

What and why?

Answer 22

What?
Rapid growth in bacteria numbers

Why?
Optimal conditions

Question 23

Stationary phase

What and why?

Answer 23

What?
Equal birth and death rate so numbers stay the same.

Why?
Competition and toxins

Question 24

Decline phase

What and why?

Answer 24

What?
Rapid death rate

Why?
Lack of nutrients and a toxic environment.
Conditions not optimum

Question 25

Death/ Survival phase

Answer 25

Small number survive as endospore said

Rest die due to unfavourable conditions

Question 26

Bacteria and food processing

Name 2 types

Answer 26

Batch culture method

Continuous flow method

Question 27

Bioprocessing definition

Answer 27

Technique where micro-organisms, living cells or their components are used to produce food.

Eg. Yoghurt, beer, wine, cheese

Question 28

Bioreactor

Answer 28

Stainless steel vessel where Bioprocessing takes place

Question 29

Batch culture method
Explain
When bacteria stopped?

Answer 29

Micro-organisms and fixed amount of nutrients in bioreactor at the start.

Stopped before decline stage.

Product removed at end.

Bioreactor cleaned and reused.

Question 30

Continuous flow method
Explain
When bacteria stopped?

Answer 30

Bacteria in at start.

Nutrients added continuously to bioreactor.

Product removed constantly

Bacteria kept at Log phase

Not used often because it is hard to maintain at log stage… ie at optimum conditions.

Question 31

Asepsis vs. Sterility

Answer 31

Asepsis: Steps taken to reduce the amount of disease causing microbes.
Sterility: Absence of all microbes