Chapter 9 And 10 Enzymes and energy carriers Flashcards
(33 cards)
What biomolecule are enzymes?
Protein
Enzymes are affected by…
Temperature and ph
Enzyme shape
3D
Specific
Definition of an enzyme
It is a biological catalyst made up of proteins which alters the rate of a cellular reaction without being used up in the reaction
2 types of catalysts.
Description and example
Anabolic: enzymes that build up smaller molecules to form larger molecules.
Eg. photosynthesis
Catabolic: enzymes that break down large molecules into smaller molecules.
Eg. Digestive enzymes (starch—amylase—> maltose)
What is the substance that the enzyme acts on called?
What is the substance that the enzyme produces called?
Substrate
Products
Explain the active site
The active site is the part of the enzyme that combines with the substrate
The shape is specific.
Explain induced fit theory
Each substrate will only ‘fit’ the substrate it is designed to work on.
When the substrate enters the active site it causes the active site to change shape slightly.
The enzyme then fits more precisely around the substrate.
Name 3 forms of physical method immobilisation and explain
Enclosed by a membrane: where enzymes are kept within a membrane. Allows substrate in and product out. Enzyme kept in.
Absorption: where enzymes are physically attached to an inert support such as glass beads or ceramic.
Trapped in a gel: sodium alginate used.
Chemical methods of immobilisation
Bonded to a support: chemically bonded to an inert support
Bonded to eachother: chemically bonded to eachother.
Uses of immobilised enzymes (2)
- Enzyme: immobilised glucose isomerase
Substrate: glucose
Product: fructose
Use: makes drinks sweeter - Enzyme: immobilised lactase
Substrate: Lactose
Product: Glucose
Use: Lactose free milk/ condensed milk
Energy Carriers function
Play a vital role in trapping and transferring energy in cellular activities.
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine Di-Phosphate
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Tri Phosphate
What is ADP made up of?
How much energy does it store?
Adenine
Ribose
Two Phosphates
Low energy molecule as there is only one unstable bond.
How is ATP formed?
Amount of energy stored?
A phosphate is added to ADP.
High energy as there are 2 unstable bonds.
The extra unstable bond stores the energy and carries it around the cell.
What the process of ADP+P=ATP called?
Phosphorylation
How does an ATP release its energy?
Loses phosphate.
Bond lost so releases energy.
This energy is used for cellular reactions.
Source of energy (2)
Sun- Light energy
Cellular- Energy released by reactions in a cell.
Where are NADP+ and NADPH used?
Photosynthesis
What does NADP(H) stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (hydrogen)
How does NADP+ become NADPH?
2 electrons (e-) and a hydrogen ion (H+) are added.
What is the addition of electrons called?
Reduction
NADP(H) high/low energy?
NADP+ Low energy
NADPH High energy
