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Biology > 35. Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

35. Plant Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction def.

A

Involves 2 sex cells/gametes joining together

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2
Q

5 stages of plant reproduction

A

(Pretty Flowers For Dreamy Girls)

  1. Pollination
  2. Fertilisation
  3. Fruit and Seed Formation
  4. Dispersal
  5. Germination
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3
Q

Function of
Sepal
Petal

A

Sepal: Green leaf like structure, protects flower whan it is a bud.
Petal: Protects inner parts of flower.

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4
Q 
Function of
Carpel
Stigma
Style
Ovary
A

Carpel: Produce female gamete: egg
Stigma: Catches pollen
Style: Pollen transported to ovary
Ovary: Produces egg (female gamete)

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5
Q

Function of
Anther
Filament
Stamen

A

Anther: Produces pollen (male gamete)
Filament: Supports anther and ensures that anther is located up high so pollen can leave easily.
Stamen: Produces pollen grain which contains pollen

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6
Q

Pollination def.

A

Is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma

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7
Q

Self pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of the same plant.

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8
Q

Cross pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a different plant

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9
Q

Methods of pollination

A

Wind and Animal

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10
Q

Characteristics of Wind pollinators

and examples

A

Small green petals
Large amounts of pollen
Stamens and carpels hang outside in wind
Examples: Grass, oak, hazel

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11
Q

Pollen sac structure

A

Outside - In
Fibrous layer-protection
Tapetum- provides energy for dividing of pollen sac to produce pollen grains
Pollen mother cells: produce pollen grains
Pollen grains

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12
Q

How many pollen sacs in an anther

A

4

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13
Q

How a pollen grain develops

from start to before pollination

A 
1 Microspore mother cell
  *Divides by meiosis*
4 Haploid cells-cluster called tetrad
  *seperate*
Pollen grains with n nuclei
  *mitosis*
Generative nucleus and Tube nucleus
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14
Q

Structure of pollen grain

A

Exine: Outer spikey coat
Intine: Smooth inner coat

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15
Q

Function of tube nucleus and generative nucleus

A

Tube: Forms pollen tube
Generative: Forms male gamete

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16
Q

What happens to pollen grain after pollination

A 
Generative nucleus (n) divides by mitosis to form 2 pollen/male nuclei (n)
Tube nucleus doesn't divide but forms pollen tube. Pollen nuclei travel down tube
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17
Q

Female gamete formation- where

A

Ovule in ovary

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18
Q

Ovary structure and function

A

Microphyle: where pollen tube enters
Nucellus: provides nutrients for growth
2n Nucleus: Megaspore mother cell divides to produce egg

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19
Q

Female gamete formation-what happens

A 
1. Megaspore mother cell (2n) divides by Meiosis to form 4 haploid cells.
3 haploid cells degenerate
Remaining cell called embryo sac (n)
2. Nucleus of embryo sac divides by mitosis 3 times = 8 haploid nuclei
5 of these nuclei disintegrate
remaining 3 are gametes
1 = egg cell
2 = polar nuclei
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20
Q

Fertilisation def.

A

The fusion of the male and female gametes (n) to produce a zygote (2n)
Plants carry out double fertilisation

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21
Q

Where does fertilisation take place

A

In the ovule of the ovary in the carpel

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22
Q

Fertilisation process

A
  1. pollen grain lands on stigma
  2. Pollen tube grows down style
  3. Generative nucleus travels down pollen tube and divides by mitosis to produce 2 pollen nuclei.
  4. Pollen tube enters ovule via micropyle. Tube nucleus degenerates
  5. Pollen nuclei enter ovule.
  6. 1 fuses with egg = 2n Zygote
    Other fuses with 2 polar nuclei = 3n Endosperm
23
Q

What does the fruit form from

A

the ovary

24
Q

Fruit def.

A

A mature ovary that may contain seeds

25
Q

Fruit formation

A

wall of ovary becomes wall of fruit-pericarp
when fruit fully formed flower wilts and falls away leaving just fruit.
Stimulated by growth regulators produced in seeds

26
Q

Types of fruit

A
  1. Seedless
  2. Fleshy
  3. Dry
  4. Grains
  5. False fruits
27
Q

Seedless fruit
how formed
examples

A
  1. Genetically: naturally or by special breeding program. Eg. Seedless grapes
  2. Growth regulators: If large amounts of growth regulators (auxins) are sprayed on flowers fruits may form without seeds. Eg. Cherries
28
Q

What are false fruits and example

A

Fruit that dont develop from the ovary but from other parts of plant.
eg. strawberries develop from swollen receptacle

29
Q

Examples of fruit
Dry
Fleshy
Grains

A

Dry: pea pods, green beans
Fleshy: Plums, peaches
Grains: Cereals, Barley, Maize

30
Q

Types of seeds

A
  1. Endospermic or non endospermic

2. Monocots or Dicots

31
Q

What do seeds form from

and what does outer coat of seed form from

A

Ovule in ovary

Outer coat: Integuments- called testa

32
Q

Structure of ovule- labelling

A 
In ovary
2 walls - integument
opening between integuments: micropyle
Inside of ovule: Nuclellus
Inside ovule is 2n Megaspore mothercell
33
Q

All seeds have

Some seeds have

A

All seeds have: An embryo and a testa

Some seeds have: an endosperm

34
Q

What is the embryo

A

embryo- immature plant developed from zygote dividing by mitosis

35
Q

Embryo structure consists of

A
  1. Plumule: immature shoot
  2. Radicle: immature root
  3. Cotyledon: seed leaf or food supply
36
Q

Endosperm
forms from
function
seeds with it known as

A

Forms from: 3n endosperm dividing by mitosis
Function:
Seeds with it known as: endospermic seeds

37
Q

What is a non endospermic seed?

A

Endosperm used up in early stages of seed development. Food stored in cotyledon

38
Q

Dispersal def.

A

The carrying of the seed as far from the parent plant as possible

39
Q

Importance of Dispersal

A
  1. Minimises competition for light, water etc.
  2. Avoids overcrowding
  3. Colonises new areas
  4. Increases chances of survival
40
Q

Methods of dispersal

A

Wind
Water
Self
Animal

41
Q

Wind dispersal characteristics

A

Small and light.
Sycamore- has wings
Dandelion- has parachute
eg. Dandelion, sycamore, ash, thistle

42
Q

Water dispersal characteristics

A

Able to float
Light
eg. coconuts, water lilies, alder

43
Q

Self dispersal characteristics

A

fruit burst open when ripe
seeds flung away as far as possible
eg. beans and peas

44
Q

Animal dispersal characteristics

A

Edible: bright colours, good smells and taste. Passes through digestive system of animal and is passed out.
eg. Strawberries, blackberries, nuts
Sticky: have hooks to cling to animal hair.
eg. burdock, goose grass (sticky ball)

45
Q

Dormancy def.

A

A resting period when seeds undergo no growth and have reduced cell activity and metabolism

46
Q

Advantages of dormancy

A
  1. Plants avoid harsh weather conditions
  2. Gives embryo time to develop
  3. Provides time for dispersal
47
Q

Applications in horticulture

A
  1. Some seeds need a period of cold before they germinate- farmers use this for successful germination
  2. Knowing seeds undergo dormancy allows farmers to break dormancy in some plants before they are planted.
48
Q

How to break dormancy

A
  1. Soak seeds in water

2. Break the testa physically

49
Q

Germination def.

A

The regrowth of the embryo after a period of dormancy into a new plant, if environmental conditions suitable

50
Q

What factors are needed for germination and why

A
  1. Water: To transport dissolved nutrients. Needed as a reactant in respiration
  2. Oxygen: for respiration to occur-for energy for growth
  3. For optimum environment for enzymes
51
Q

Graph of mass of embryo vs. Endosperm over time

A

Embryo increases in mass over time.

Endosperm decreases in mass.

52
Q

Germination process for sunflower (Epigael)

A 
Water absorbed through micropyle. 
Radicle emerges
Lateral roots develop.
Hypocotyl hook emerges from radicle. 
Plumule grounds and new leaves develop. 
Radicle grows downwards
Seed discarded
(Think sunflower-sun-above ground)
In epigeal germination-cotyledons rise above ground.
53
Q

Germination process for broad bean (hypogeal)

A

Seed absorbs water through micropyl for respiration and to activate enzymes.
Radicle emerges and grows into roots
Plumule emerges.
Plumule is hooked to protect the leaves at the tip.
Plumule grows above the surface of the soil.
Lateral roots develop.
Plumule straightens and leaves open.
Cotyledon stays below the surface.
Seed shrivels as food has been used.
Hypo= low

54
Q

What is the epicotyl

A

space between the seed and the plumule

Biology (43 decks)

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