Chapter 4 Ecology

Question 1

Ecology def

Answer 1

Is the study of how living things interact to eachother and their environment

Question 2

Environment

Answer 2

all the conditions in which the organism lives which affect the growth and development of the organism

Question 3

Biosphere

Answer 3

Is the part of the planet where the life exists. eg. land, ocean etc.

Question 4

Ecosystem

Answer 4

is a community of living things interacting with one another and their environment within a particular place within a particular area

Question 5

Habitat

Answer 5

is the particular place within the ecosystem where an organism lives

Question 6

Habitat example

Answer 6

bats- hollow trees/attics

Question 7

Population

Answer 7

A group of individuals of the same species living together in an ecosystem.

Question 8

Reasons for living in a population

Answer 8

safer in a group
habitat provides shelter and food
availability of a mate for breeding

Question 9

Community

Answer 9

All populations in an ecosystem

Question 10

primary source of energy

Answer 10

sun- light energy

Question 11

Energy flow def

Answer 11

The pathway of energy transfer from one organism to the next in an ecosystem due to feeding

Question 12

Food chain def.

Answer 12

A list of organisms in which each organism is eaten by the next one in the chain.

Question 13

Grazing food chain

Answer 13

Where initial plant is living

Question 14

detritus food chain

Answer 14

chain begins with dead organic matter.

Question 15

Producers

Answer 15

Make their own food by photosynthesis

Question 16

Consumer

Answer 16

get their food from plants or other animals.

Question 17

Herbivore

Answer 17

Feed on producers

Question 18

Carnivores

Answer 18

Feed on primary consumers

Question 19

Tertiary

Answer 19

Feed on secondary consumer

Question 20

Omnivore

Answer 20

Eats both plants and animals

Question 21

decomposers and importance

Answer 21

Feed on dead organic matter

break down waste and return nutrients to the soil

Question 22

Trophic level

Answer 22

Refers to the position of an organism in the food chain

Question 23

Pyramid of numbers

Answer 23

A diagram that represents the number of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain.
The number in each level decreases as you go up
Body size increases

Question 24

Inaccuracy of the pyramid of numbers

Answer 24

Doesnt take into account size of animal

Cant be drawn to scale so not accurate

Question 25

Energy loss- why does the number in each level get smaller OR Why are food chains short

Answer 25

90% of energy is lost mostly through heat energy. Energy reduces so rapidly that food chain is limited in length. Also limited in organism numbers because of this.

Question 26

Inverted Pyramid

Answer 26

If bottom layer is a large orgnism

Question 27

Parasitic Pyramid

Answer 27

Produces inverted/partially inverted pyramids | Because loads of flies/mites can live on one fox.

Question 28

Competition def.

Answer 28

When organisms fight for resources in short supply

Question 29

Intra competition

Answer 29

Same species

Question 30

Inter competition

Answer 30

different species

Question 31

Difference between Scramble and Contest competition

Answer 31

Scramble: Organism tries to get as much as possible (eg. ivy plant and hawthorn tree compete for light) Contest: Active physical confrontation between 2 organism s. One wins.(eg. Badgers fight for a burrow)

Question 32

Parasitism def.

Answer 32

Two organisms living close together. one organism benefits from the host and causes harm.

Question 33

Ectoparasites vs. Endoparasites

Answer 33

Ectoparasites: Living on the outside of the host (eg. fleas on a dog) Endoparasites: Living on inside of the host. (eg. Liverfluke in cattle)

Question 34

Symbiosis def.

Answer 34

Relationship where two organisms live in close proximity to one another where at least one of them benefits. No harm caused.

Question 35

Symbiosis example

Answer 35

Bacteria in the roots of plants. Bacteria gets a living environment. Bacteria fixes nitrogen into usable form.

Question 36

Predation def.

Answer 36

The act of some animals of capturing and killing other animals for food. eg. Ladybird-Aphid Hawk-Earthworm

Question 37

Adaptation def.

Answer 37

Is a structure that organisms have developed to survive.

Question 38

Examples for adaptation

Answer 38

Zebras have stripes so lions cant tell where one ends and the other begins. Ladybird has strong mouth and contains formic acid which is unpalatable.

Question 39

Relationship between prey and predator numbers.

Answer 39

``` (See diagram in copy) Prey increases as less predators Predators increase as more food Prey decrease because they are eaten. Predator decrease because less prey ETC. ETC.... ```

Question 40

Interdependence def.

Answer 40

Two organisms rely on each other for survival.

Question 41

Interdependence example

Answer 41

Bee and Flower Bee pollinates flower. Flower provides nectar

Question 42

Abiotic factors def. and eg.

Answer 42

Non-living factors | Light intensity, water current, altitude, aspect.

Question 43

Biotic factors def. and eg.

Answer 43

Living factors | Food and shelter, Predators, Prey, Decomposers

Question 44

Climatic factors def. and eg.

Answer 44

Weather conditions | Wind, temperature, humidity

Question 45

Edaphic factors def. and eg.

Answer 45

To do with soil | Soil type, Water content, Soil pH

Question 46

Examples of environmental factors Light intensity Aspect Temperature

Answer 46

``` 1.Light intensity High- More plants Low- Less plants and animals 2.Aspect North-less light-less plants South-more light-more animals 3.Temperature Ideal-supports plant growth High-Desertification Low-Hibernation and immigration ```

Question 47

Benefits of predation

Answer 47

controls population Eliminates weak prey Stops overgrazing

Question 48

Strategies to avoid competition example

Answer 48

Daisy has short roots, dandelion has long roots

Question 49

examples of adaption

Answer 49

beaver- has nostrils and ears that close underwater. | Fennec foxes- have large ears to let heat escape

Question 50

examples of interdependence

Answer 50

clownfish and sea anemone- clownfish eat anenome parasites, faeces give nutrients, clownfish protected by stinging cells. Pilot fish and shark- fish cleans algae off shark teeth

Question 51

Niche

Answer 51

The functional role of an organism in an ecosystem