Chapter 36 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards by Nola Dubuisson

Inorganic component of bone

Organic component

Inorganic: calcium
Organic: collagen

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Functions of the musculoskeletal system

Support, shape, movement
Protection of internal organs
Makes blood cells

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Protection of internal organs
Cranium
Ribs
Vertebrae

Cranium: protects brain and eyes
Ribs: protects heart, lungs, kidneys
Vertebrae: protect spinal cord

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Making of blood cells

The bone marrow of the ribs and breastbone make:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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The cranium
no. of bones
Movement
Function

no. of bones:20
Movement: no movement
Function: protects brain and eyes

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Vertebrae
Other name 
no. of bones
Movement
Function

Other name: spine
Function: protects spinal cord
no. of bones: 33 (24,9)
24-held by ligaments, move slightly, separated by discs of cartilage 
9- fused, no movement

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Names of 5 regions of vertebrae

Cervical (7) 
Thoraic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5)-fused
Coccyx(4)-fused

C enclose TLS
Telephone 712554

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Ribs
Function
Sections

Function: protection of organs (heart, lung, kidneys)
Sections (3)
True ribs (7) attached to sternum
False ribs (3) attached to cartilage attached to sternum
Floating ribs (2) not attached to anything

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The two parts of the skeleton and what they consist of

Axial: ribs, cranium, sternum, vertebrae (protective bones)

Apendicular: pectoral girdle (arms) and pelvic girdle (legs)

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Pectoral girdle

Shoulder and collarbone (scapula and clavicle)
Arm
Vertebra column

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Pelvic girdle

Pelvis
Legs
Vertebra column

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Joints def.

Types

Meeting point of two or more bones.

Types: immovable, slightly movable, freely movable (synovial)

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Immovable

Also called fixed or fused
Eg. Skull or vertebra column(last 9)
No movement

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Slightly moveable

Some movement

Eg. Joints in upper vertebra, with disks of cartilage (top 24)

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Freely movable joint

Also synovial joint

Structure: cartilage at each end and enclosed by synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid)

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Cartilage function

Absorbs shock

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Synovial membrane

Synovial fluid

Synovial membrane:secretes synovial fluid

Synovial fluid: friction free movement (prevents bones rubbing off one another and breaking down)

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Movable joint

Types

Gliding (wrist, ankle)
Pivot (head and neck)
Hinge (knee and elbow)
Ball and socket (shoulder and hip)

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Ball and socket
Degree of movement
Location

Degree of movement: many directions (360 degrees)

Location: shoulder and hip

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Hinge
Degree of movement
Location

Degree of movement:one way/ bending

Location: elbow and knee

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Muscles

Types

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Voluntary (biceps and triceps)
Involuntary (breathing, digestion system)
Cardiac (heart)

Cardiac

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Involuntary
Eg. Heart
Contracts strongly and does not tire easily

Voluntary

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Also: skeletal or striated
Eg. Biceps and triceps
Function: body movement
Contract quickly and tire easily

Involuntary

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Also smooth or unstriped
Eg. Breathing and digestive system
Contract slowly and tire slowly

Function of: Ligament Tendon Muscle

Ligament: joins two bones together Tendon:joins a muscle to a bone Muscle: to move

Antagonistic muscles Def. Why Eg.

Def: a pair of muscles that work together performing opposites to cause a movement Why: muscles can only pull not push. Have to work together. Eg. Bicep and tricep Quad and hamstring

Example of a tendon

Achilles' tendon

Disorder of musculoskeletal system Name Types Symptoms

Name: arthritis Types: Osteoarthritis (old age), Rheumatoid arthritis (immune system attacks joint) Symptoms: swelling, warmth, pain and restricted movement

Disorder continued: Causes Prevention Treatment

Causes: disease (gout, TB, infection of synovial joint), wear and tear, old age (cartilage wears away) Prevention: good diet, good footwear, not putting excessive stress on joints and bones during exercise, exercise to strengthen muscles. Treatment: Aspirin reduces swelling, replacement with artificial joint, massage joint

Structure of the bone

Head: Cartilage at top Spongy bone (contains red marrow) Shaft: (outside in) Periostem, compact bone, medullary cavity(contains yellow marrow)

Periostem

Tough fibrous layer surrounding each bone to protect it.

Compact bone

Calcium and collagen Tough white outer layer Protection Collagen gives the bone flexibility (organic) Calcium gives the bone strength (inorganic)

Medullary cavity

Hollow centre region | Contains yellow marrow

Yellow marrow function

Stores fat and can convert to red marrow

Spongy bone | And function of spaces

In the head Spaces filled with red marrow Function of spaces: gives strength without making bone too heavy

Red marrow function

Makes blood cells

Growth and development of bones | Bone cells involved in ossification

Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes

Skeleton of embryo made of

Cartilage

Ossification process

``` Osteoblasts invade the cartilage Produce protein collagen Calcium phosphate surrounds collagen Produces a hard compound: bone Leave tips of cartilage Osteoblasts get stuck in bone and become osteocytes (stuck on cyte) Osteocytes remain dormant bone cells ```

How bones are dissolved

Osteoclasts responsible for this. They are found in the medullary cavity They digest the bone that lines the cavity They deposit calcium from the bone I tot he blood cells

Replacement/renewal of bone

Osteocytes are osteoblasts that got stuck in the bone when forming the bone They do the same thing as osteoblasts and convert cartilage to bone

Why must bones be dissolved and renewed?

Important to prevent brittle, weak bones

Osteo..... Anabolic or catabolic

Osteoclasts:catabolic-breaks down bone | Osteoblasts and osteocytes: anabolic (involves dividing by mitosis)

Renewal of bone dependant on | Hormones

Hormones: growth and sex hormones lead to stronger, thicker, bigger bones. Parthormone leads to release of calcium into blood once it is broken down by osteoclasts. This is essential so it can get to muscles for proper functioning.

Renewal of bone dependant on | Physical activity

Physical activity: stimulates osteoblasts to replace bone which leads to stronger and thicker bones

Renewal of bone dependant on | Diet

Essential to have sufficient calcium in diet to replace calcium broken down by osteoclasts

``` Structure of a vertebrae functions Meninges Neural canal Facet Neural spine Transverse process Centrum ```

Meninges: lines and protects neural canal Neural canal: contains spinal cord Facet: connects to next vertebrae Neural spine and Transverse process: muscular attachment Centrum:gives vertebrae strength

Lengthening of bone process

Occurs at growth plates (made of cartilage) Located in between head and shaft At growth plate cartilage is continuously converted/ ossified into bone The growth plate is pushed further into the head as the bone lengthens Growth continues until the plate is fully ossified

Lengthening of bone ceases

At adulthood

Lengthening of bone determines

Height of individual

Chapter 36 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

(50 cards)