Chapter 19

Question 0

A shelled egg in which an embryo develops within a fluid-filled amniotic sac and is nourished by yolk; produced by reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals, it enables them to complete their life cycles on dry land.

Answer 0

Amniotic Egg

Question 1

Member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo. These animals include mammals and birds and other reptiles.

Answer 1

Amniote

Question 2

Member of the tetrapod class Amphibia. These animals include frogs, toads, and salamanders.

Answer 2

Amphibian

Question 3

A member of a primate group made up of the apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans) and monkeys.

Answer 3

Anthropoid

Question 4

The first hominids; scavenger-gatherer-hunters who lived on African savannas between about 4.4 million years ago and 1.5 million years ago.

Answer 4

Australopithecines

Question 5

Member of the class Chondrichthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays.

Answer 5

chondrichthyan

Question 6

Member of the phylum Chordata, animals that at some point during their development have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. These animals include lancelets, tunicates, and vertebrates.

Answer 6

Chordate

Question 7

A chordate with a head.

Answer 7

Craniate

Question 8

An animal that warms itself mainly by absorbing heat from its surroundings.

Answer 8

Ectotherm

Question 9

Referring to organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature.

Answer 9

Ectothermic

Question 10

Placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.

Answer 10

Eutherian

Question 11

A species on the human branch of the evolutionary tree; a member of the family Hominidae, including Homo sapiens and our ancestors.

Answer 11

Hominid

Question 12

A row of sensory organs along each side of a fish’s body. Sensitive to changes in water pressure, it enables a fish to detect minor vibrations in the water.

Answer 12

Lateral line system

Question 13

A bony fish with strong, muscular fins supported by bones.

Answer 13

Lobe-fin

Question 14

Member of the class Mammalia, amniotes that possess mammary glands and hair.

Answer 14

Mammal

Question 15

A pouched mammal, such as a kangaroo, opossum, or koala. These animals give birth to embryonic offspring that complete development while housed in a pouch and attached to nipples on the mother’s abdomen.

Answer 15

Marsupial

Question 16

An egg-laying mammal, such as the duck-billed platypus.

Answer 16

Monotreme

Question 17

A protective flap on each side of a fish’s head that covers a chamber housing the gills.

Answer 17

Operculum

Question 18

An arrangement of the fingers such that the thumb can touch the ventral surface of the fingertips of all four fingers.

Answer 18

Opposable thumb

Question 19

The study of human origins and evolution.

Answer 19

Paleoanthropology

Question 20

In most mammals, the organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the embryo and helps dispose of its metabolic wastes; formed of the embryo’s chorion and the mother’s endometrial blood vessels.

Answer 20

Placenta

Question 21

Young animals complete their embryonic development in the uterus, nourished via the mother’s blood vessels in this tissue type; also called a eutherian.

Answer 21

Placental mammal

Question 22

A bony fish having fins supported by thin, flexible skeletal rays.

Answer 22

Ray-finned fish

Question 23

Member of the clade of amniotes that includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodilians, and birds, along with a number of extinct groups such as dinosaurs.

Answer 23

Reptiles

Question 24

A gas-filled internal sac that helps bony fishes maintain buoyancy.

Answer 24

Swim bladder

Question 25

A vertebrate with two pairs of limbs. These animals include mammals, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles.

Answer 25

Tetrapods

Question 26

One of a series of segmented skeletal units that enclose the nerve cord, making up the backbone of the animal.

Answer 26

Vertebra

Question 27

backbone; composed of a series of segmented units.

Answer 27

Vertebral column

Question 28

A chordate animal with a backbone. These animals include lampreys, chondricthyans, ray-finned fishes, lobe-fin fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals.

Answer 28

Vertebrate