2-ethanol

Question 1

what are the behavioural effects of ethanol similar to

Answer 1

benzodiazepines and barbiturates (CNS depressants)

Question 2

why is ethanol so much more for the body to deal with than other drugs

Answer 2

because the dose in mg is much larger (13000 vs like 500)

Question 3

what does “0.05” mean

Answer 3

0.05mL/100mL of blood

Question 4

what does a larger volume of blood do to concentration

Answer 4

lowers the concentration

Question 5

where does respiratory depression occur

Answer 5

inhibition in the medulla

Question 6

what % of ethanol is absorbed from the stomach

Answer 6

20%

Question 7

how does stomach emptying speed affect absorption

Answer 7

delaying the emptying of the stomach slows absorption

Question 8

how does food affect absorption rate

Answer 8

slows

Question 9

how does food affect Cmax

Answer 9

it can lower it by 40%

Question 10

how does food affect time that it reaches BAC of 0

Answer 10

decreases it

Question 11

how does food affect area under the absorption curve

Answer 11

decrease

Question 12

how does aspirin affect absorption

Answer 12

it reduces absorption by delaying stomach emptying

Question 13

how does cisapride affect absorption

Answer 13

its a drug for GERD, therefore increases emptying and absorption

Question 14

how does aspirin affect Cmax

Answer 14

lower and slower

Question 15

how does cisapride affect Cmax

Answer 15

higher and faster

Question 16

how do aspirin and cisapride affect stomach emptying time (mechanism)

Answer 16

it affects the pyloric sphincter

Question 17

how do histamine H2 antagonists affect gastric emptying

Answer 17

not at all

Question 18

why do old people have a higher Cmax

Answer 18

they lose muscle mass and have a lower Volume distribution

Question 19

how does slow gastric emptying affect Cmax

Answer 19

it decreases Cmax

Question 20

does ethanol distribute into fat or muscle?

Answer 20

MUSCLE

Question 21

how does spreading out the dose effect Cmax

Answer 21

decreases

Question 22

how does ethanol absorption depend on concentration gradients

Answer 22

bigger concentration gradient/difference means quicker absorption boi

Question 23

how does spreading out the dose affect the liver

Answer 23

it gives the liver an opportunity to metabolize before the next dose

Question 24

why is volume of distribution different for males and females

Answer 24

girls tend to have more fat :( boys more muscle :(

Question 25

what is the volume of distribution formula

Answer 25

Vd=dose/Co | C zero

Question 26

with same body mass and same dose, what is females Co compared to males

Answer 26

females have higher initial concentration

Question 27

body water percentage in males and females

Answer 27

males more than females (55-62 vs 50-55)

Question 28

how does ethanol affect AMPA and NMDA glutamate ligand gates ion channels?

Answer 28

inhibition

Question 29

how does ethanol affect voltage gated calcium channels

Answer 29

inhibition

Question 30

how does ethanol affect glycine receptors

Answer 30

potentiate/excite

Question 31

how does ethanol affect GABA-A receptors

Answer 31

positive allosteric modulator of GABA

Question 32

which GABA-A receptors is of most interest

Answer 32

the ones with delta subunits

Question 33

what is so special about GABA-A with delta subunits

Answer 33

they are not found in the synaptic celft extra-synaptic and play a role in setting the backround level of neuronal excitability, regarless if neurons are firing or not

Question 34

where are GABA-A with delta subunits found

Answer 34

mostly in cerebellum and hippocampus (areas known to be affected by ethanol)

Question 35

what does cerebellum do

Answer 35

movement and coordination

Question 36

what does hippocampus do

Answer 36

memory, part of reward pathway, emotion

Question 37

what % of alcohol is metabolized

Answer 37

90%

Question 38

what % of ethanol is excreted in urine and breath

Answer 38

10%

Question 39

what is the limiting reagent of ethanol metabolism

Answer 39

NAD+

Question 40

what is the average human metabolism rate of ethanol

Answer 40

0.15g/L/hour

Question 41

how much ethanol is metabolized in the stomach and by what

Answer 41

<5% and by alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 42

which gender has more alcohol dehydrogenase in the tummy

Answer 42

men ugh

Question 43

what liver enzymes metabolize ethanol

Answer 43

alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenases

Question 44

how can you avoid the first pass metabolism of alcohol (2 ways)

Answer 44

inject (EW) | rapid drink b/c metabolic pathways will be quickly saturated

Question 45

what kind of metabolism is ethanol metabolism

Answer 45

sequential hepatic oxidation

Question 46

what are the two major enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism

Answer 46

alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 47

what molecule is required in metabolism and why

Answer 47

NAD+ to accept H ios and electrons

Question 48

how many moles of NAD+ is required per mole of ethanol

Answer 48

2 moles of NAD+

Question 49

why can alcohol be a good energy source

Answer 49

acetate can be fed into the TCA cycle