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Pharmacology 200 > 2-ethanol > Flashcards

2-ethanol Flashcards

1
Q

what are the behavioural effects of ethanol similar to

A

benzodiazepines and barbiturates (CNS depressants)

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2
Q

why is ethanol so much more for the body to deal with than other drugs

A

because the dose in mg is much larger (13000 vs like 500)

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3
Q

what does “0.05” mean

A

0.05mL/100mL of blood

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4
Q

what does a larger volume of blood do to concentration

A

lowers the concentration

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5
Q

where does respiratory depression occur

A

inhibition in the medulla

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6
Q

what % of ethanol is absorbed from the stomach

A

20%

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7
Q

how does stomach emptying speed affect absorption

A

delaying the emptying of the stomach slows absorption

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8
Q

how does food affect absorption rate

A

slows

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9
Q

how does food affect Cmax

A

it can lower it by 40%

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10
Q

how does food affect time that it reaches BAC of 0

A

decreases it

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11
Q

how does food affect area under the absorption curve

A

decrease

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12
Q

how does aspirin affect absorption

A

it reduces absorption by delaying stomach emptying

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13
Q

how does cisapride affect absorption

A

its a drug for GERD, therefore increases emptying and absorption

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14
Q

how does aspirin affect Cmax

A

lower and slower

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15
Q

how does cisapride affect Cmax

A

higher and faster

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16
Q

how do aspirin and cisapride affect stomach emptying time (mechanism)

A

it affects the pyloric sphincter

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17
Q

how do histamine H2 antagonists affect gastric emptying

A

not at all

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18
Q

why do old people have a higher Cmax

A

they lose muscle mass and have a lower Volume distribution

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19
Q

how does slow gastric emptying affect Cmax

A

it decreases Cmax

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20
Q

does ethanol distribute into fat or muscle?

A

MUSCLE

21
Q

how does spreading out the dose effect Cmax

A

decreases

22
Q

how does ethanol absorption depend on concentration gradients

A

bigger concentration gradient/difference means quicker absorption boi

23
Q

how does spreading out the dose affect the liver

A

it gives the liver an opportunity to metabolize before the next dose

24
Q

why is volume of distribution different for males and females

A

girls tend to have more fat :( boys more muscle :(

25
Q

what is the volume of distribution formula

A

Vd=dose/Co

C zero

26
Q

with same body mass and same dose, what is females Co compared to males

A

females have higher initial concentration

27
Q

body water percentage in males and females

A

males more than females (55-62 vs 50-55)

28
Q

how does ethanol affect AMPA and NMDA glutamate ligand gates ion channels?

A

inhibition

29
Q

how does ethanol affect voltage gated calcium channels

A

inhibition

30
Q

how does ethanol affect glycine receptors

A

potentiate/excite

31
Q

how does ethanol affect GABA-A receptors

A

positive allosteric modulator of GABA

32
Q

which GABA-A receptors is of most interest

A

the ones with delta subunits

33
Q

what is so special about GABA-A with delta subunits

A

they are not found in the synaptic celft
extra-synaptic and play a role in setting the backround level of neuronal excitability, regarless if neurons are firing or not

34
Q

where are GABA-A with delta subunits found

A

mostly in cerebellum and hippocampus (areas known to be affected by ethanol)

35
Q

what does cerebellum do

A

movement and coordination

36
Q

what does hippocampus do

A

memory, part of reward pathway, emotion

37
Q

what % of alcohol is metabolized

A

90%

38
Q

what % of ethanol is excreted in urine and breath

A

10%

39
Q

what is the limiting reagent of ethanol metabolism

A

NAD+

40
Q

what is the average human metabolism rate of ethanol

A

0.15g/L/hour

41
Q

how much ethanol is metabolized in the stomach and by what

A

<5% and by alcohol dehydrogenase

42
Q

which gender has more alcohol dehydrogenase in the tummy

A

men ugh

43
Q

what liver enzymes metabolize ethanol

A

alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenases

44
Q

how can you avoid the first pass metabolism of alcohol (2 ways)

A

inject (EW)

rapid drink b/c metabolic pathways will be quickly saturated

45
Q

what kind of metabolism is ethanol metabolism

A

sequential hepatic oxidation

46
Q

what are the two major enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism

A

alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase

47
Q

what molecule is required in metabolism and why

A

NAD+ to accept H ios and electrons

48
Q

how many moles of NAD+ is required per mole of ethanol

A

2 moles of NAD+

49
Q

why can alcohol be a good energy source

A

acetate can be fed into the TCA cycle

Pharmacology 200 (29 decks)

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