2-sleep aids

Question 1

what is a hyptonic

Answer 1

a drug that is used to treat insomnia

Question 2

what was dangerous about old hypnotic agents

Answer 2

narrow therapeutic windows

Question 3

what 5 signals are involved in the sleep wake cycle

Answer 3

histamine
GABA
Adenosine
Melatonin
Orexin

Question 4

how do drugs affect histamine in the sleep wake cycle

Answer 4

block histamine to make you drowzy

but not a great quality sleep

Question 5

how do drugs affect GABA in the sleep wake cycle

Answer 5

boost GABA to decrease neuronal excitability

most common

Question 6

how do drugs affect adenosine in the sleep wake cycle

Answer 6

neuromodulator, caffeine blocks the effect of adenosine

lots of side effects, cardiac

Question 7

what is adenosine in the sleep wake cycle

Answer 7

neuromodulator (changes how other neurotransmitters work)

Question 8

how do drugs affect melatonin in the sleep wake cycle

Answer 8

they do more stuff for circadian rhythm

Question 9

how do drugs affect orexin in the sleep wake cycle

Answer 9

drug blocks the peptide orexin which is made in the hypothalamus and is involved in sleep wake cycling

Question 10

which stages of sleep do benzodiazepines affect

Answer 10

REM sleep suppressants

increase stage 2

Question 11

what happens to REM sleep as the night progresses

Answer 11

REM sleep increases

Question 12

where are sleep spindles and K complexes found

Answer 12

stage 2

Question 13

which stages are the deep sleep

Answer 13

3 and 4

Question 14

how well do hypnotics replicate normal sleep cycles

Answer 14

not perfectly

Question 15

what did chloral hydrate (chlorinated ethanol) do and why was it dangerous

Answer 15

“knock-our drops” but very dangerous

Question 16

why is alcohol bad as a sleep aid

Answer 16

it doesn’t get you into deep sleep, its just bad for you okay

Question 17

how do barbiturates and benzodiazepines work (What is the target)

Answer 17

positive allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors

Question 18

what happens when you potentiate the agonist effects of GABA

Answer 18

more Cl- ions go through, it decreases neuronal excitability

Question 19

what is pentobarbital

Answer 19

a barbiturate

Question 20

how did pentobarbital work

Answer 20

allosteric modulator that increases the length of time the channel stays open in the presence of GABA

Question 21

what happens with pentobarbital at high concentrations

Answer 21

it directly opens the channel even when GABA isnt there!

Question 22

why is pentobarbital lethal when combined with alcohol

Answer 22

both of them increase Cl- to pass through, often death by asphyxiation

Question 23

what is triazolam (halcion)

Answer 23

benzodiazepine

Question 24

why is triazolam safer than pentobarbital

Answer 24

at high doses, it does not directly activate . the channel

Question 25

what does triazolam do

Answer 25

allosteric modulator that increases the frequency of channel openings in the presence of GABA

Question 26

so why are benzodiazepines and barbiturates different if they bind at the same site

Answer 26

they dont bind at the same site. barbs bind lower | benzos bind closer to the top and closer to where gaba binds

Question 27

why are benzos good for anxiety

Answer 27

because it can decrease neuronal firing

Question 28

what receptors are bezos selective for

Answer 28

GABA-A | highly selective

Question 29

which receptors are benzos not selective for

Answer 29

no affinity for glycine (even tho its super similar) and none of glutamate LGICs

Question 30

why are benzos only used in acute emergency situations IV for seizures

Answer 30

rapid development of tolerance

Question 31

what is the ceiling effect

Answer 31

BZs do not directly effect the channel at high doses, so they is a plateau before there are severe dangerous side effects (barbs have direct effects on the channel, creating severe effects,even death)

Question 32

what is the diazepam half life

Answer 32

long, 30-56 hours

Question 33

what is nordazepam half life

Answer 33

7 days

Question 34

why are benzos not great for sleep

Answer 34

super long half life, it gives daytime impairment

Question 35

what is triazolam (Halcion) | what half life

Answer 35

hypnotic, 2 hours

Question 36

what is the active metabolite of triazolam

Answer 36

none

Question 37

what are the side effects of traizolam

Answer 37

high doses cause daytime memory impairment and some violence

Question 38

why isnt triazolam good for time time or early waking

Answer 38

because short half life, only helps with falling asleep

Question 39

why are BZ bad for memory

Answer 39

they are not selective within GABA-A, so they affect hippocampal receptors in memory formation and storage, and also it decreases REM

Question 40

what happens once you stop using benzos to sleep

Answer 40

you get a really bad rebound insomnia | addiction and dependence

Question 41

why are Benzos good for surgeries

Answer 41

cause it reduces memory and helps you forget what happened

Question 42

whats so special about Z-drugs

Answer 42

they have short half lives and bind at the GABA-A

Question 43

why are there different side effects to benzos

Answer 43

may have different selectivity towards specific GABA-A receptors so diff symptoms and less REM suppression so less REM rebound

Question 44

what does suvorexant (belsomra) do

Answer 44

antagonises orexin receptor to promote sleep onset and maintenance

Question 45

what do orexins do

Answer 45

peptides that are important for signal control of the sleep/wake cycle

Question 46

what does high orexins cause

Answer 46

wake

Question 47

what does low orexins cause

Answer 47

seep

Question 48

what happens when you block orexin receptors

Answer 48

promotes sleep

Question 49

where are orexins made and what types

Answer 49

A and B are made in hypothalamus, secreted in the neurons there

Question 50

how powerful is suvorexant

Answer 50

not very, studies show it may help you sleep 6mins more at night