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Pharmacology 200 > 3 - adrenocorticosteroids > Flashcards

3 - adrenocorticosteroids Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

where is adrenaline released? (cortex or medulla)

A

medulla

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2
Q

where are steroid hormones released? (cortex or medulla)

A

cortex

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3
Q

what are the three layers for the adrenal cortex

A

zone glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

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4
Q

where is catecholamine/aa hormone released? (cortex or medulla)

A

medulla

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5
Q

where are mineralocorticoids released

A

zone glomerulosa

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6
Q

where are glucocorticoids released

A

zone fasciculata

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7
Q

where are andogens released

A

zone reticularis

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8
Q

name an example of a mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

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9
Q

name an example of a glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

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10
Q

name an example of an androgen

A

DHEA

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11
Q

what is DHEA

A

precursor for strong androgens (testosterone) and estrogens

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12
Q

what is the order going inwards of the 4 layers of the adrenal gland

A

zone glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis, adrenal medulla

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13
Q

what is the role of mineralocorticoids

A

salt balance

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14
Q

what is the role of glucocorticoids

A

metabolic and immune effects

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15
Q

what is the common precursor for all adrenal steroids

A

cholesterol

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16
Q

what is the HPA axis

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex

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17
Q

what does the HPA axis control

A

cortisol release from the zona fasciculata

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18
Q

where is ACTH released from

A

the anterior pituitary

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19
Q

what does ACTH stimulate

A

steroid production

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20
Q

when is ACTH stimulated

A

after meals, just before waking (circadian rhythm)

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21
Q

where is CRH released from

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

what is ACTH released controlled by

A

CRH from the hypothalamus

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23
Q

what kind of hormone is cortisol

A

steroid

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24
Q

how are steroid hormones stores

A

cant be stored in vesicles, regulated at point of synthesis

lipophilic

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25
what stimulates cortisol synthesis
ACTH
26
where does cortisol give negative feedback to and what does it cause (where and what is less released)
onto the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to reduce the release of CRH and ACTH
27
what does ACE do
converts AT1 to AT2
28
what does AT2 trigger
aldosterone release
29
what is the role of aldosteron
promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
30
what is the mineralocorticoid response
water and sodium reabsorption
31
what is the primary role of the RAAS
control of blood pressure and volume
32
what is GRE and what does it do
glucocorticoid receptor/response element
33
what happens once a steroid hormone binds to its receptor
the receptor dissociates from Hsp90 complex, transport to nucleus, change gene transcription
34
what is the spectrum of receptors for corticosteroids
some have more affinities for glucocorticoids while others have affinities for mineralocorticoids
35
what does 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 do?
it activates cortisol | turns it from a ketone to an alcohol
36
what does corticosteroid specificity arise from? (2 things)
affinity to receptor and metabolism in target tissues (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)
37
where is there a lot of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1
in glucocorticoid target tissues (adipose, muscle, liver)
38
is prednisone or prednisolone better to take topically and why
prednisolone because it is the active form (has an OH group)
39
can prednisone work orally
yes, it is metabolized to prednisolone in the liver and in glucocorticoid receptor tissues
40
which receptors does cortisol have affinity for
same affinity for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors
41
why does cortisol have weak mineralocorticoid effects
kidney cells (mineral.. targets) have [11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2] which inactivates cortisol
42
where is there 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2
in cells that dont want cortisol to work
43
what is pseudohypoeraldosteronism
when cortisol affects the aldosterone target tissues (mineralocorticoid)
44
how does pseudohypoeraldosteronism happen
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 is inhibited by something like licorice
45
what is apparent mineralocorticoid excess
mutations in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2
46
what does glucocorticoids do to carbohydrate metabolism and glucose
increases circulating glucose
47
do glucocorticoids have an overall catabolic or anabolic effect
catabolic
48
how does adipose tissue change with clucocorticoids
adipose redistributes from limbs to trunk
49
how is fat affected directly and indirectly with glucocorticoids
fat metabolism so higher circulating fatty acids and glycerol, increased circulating insulin, promotes fat deposition
50
what do glucocorticoids do to arachionic acid and how
they inhibit it because they inhibit phospholipase A2
51
what are 3 main targets of glucocorticoid mediated inflammation
arachidonic acid prostanoid COX2 (not antagonist!)
52
how do glucocorticoids affect prostanoid synthesis
inhibit it | because less arachidonic acid
53
what is the role of COX2
early step of metabolism of arachidonic acid to various prostanoids
54
how do glucocorticoids regulate COX2
suppress transcription of the COX2 gene they DO NOT DIRECTLY ANTAGONIST OR INHIBIT COX2 ACTIVITY it binds to a glucocorticoid receptor which causes a decrease in transcription
55
what is annexin A-1
anti-inflammatory protein
56
how does annexin A-1 do its thing (2 ways)
anti-inflammatory by 1-directly effects on leukocytes to inhibit inflammation 2-suppress phospholipase A2
57
what are the annexin repeats proteins
lipocortins/annexins
58
what macromolecule is lipocortin
protein
59
how does lipocortin affect phospholipase A2?
inhibits
60
how does glucocorticoids affect annexin A-1 pathway
glucocorticoids promotes annexin A-1 which inhibits PLA2
61
what is addisons disease caused by
chronic adrenocortical insufficiency | low production of glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids too
62
how can you treat addisons disease
with glucocorticoids/mineralocorticoids supplementation (hydrocortisone)
63
what is cushings syndrome caused by
adrenal overactivity leading to excess cortisol
64
what can cause cushings disease
tumors (adrenal, pit...)
65
what are symptoms of cushings disease
round face, fat tummy | bone and muscle catabolism
66
what kind of things can glucocorticoids be used for
anti-inflammatory, allergic, pain, asthma, GI, organ transplants (immunosuppression to avoid rejection)
67
what causes addison-LIKE symptoms
administration of glucocorticoids creating negative of CRH and ACTH
68
what are the side effects of addison-LIKE symptoms
hypoglycemia, hyponatremia (sodium), hyperkalemia(potassium), low bp
69
why do you need to taper off glucocorticoids
addison-LIKE symptoms
70
what happens if you use glucocorticoids for a long time
cushingOID
71
what are the effects of cushingOID
hyperglycemia, high bp, low immune, muscle and bone wasting
72
what are the two main receptors with different affinities for corticosteroids
glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor
73
what does 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 do
inactivates cortisol (alcohol into ketone)

Pharmacology 200 (29 decks)

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