2 Physiology 2nd LE Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What is serum
A
Plasma minus clotting factors
2
Q
What is plasma
A
Blood without formed elements
3
Q
Plasma protein that carries lipids and hormones
A
Albumin
4
Q
Plasma protein that carries hormones and immune function
A
Globulin
5
Q
Define hematocrit
A
Volume percentage of rbcs in blood
6
Q
Why rbc has a finite lifespan
A
Without a nucleus
7
Q
Are immature RBCs
A
Reticulocytes
8
Q
Significant of reticulocyte count test
A
Indicator rate of rbc production secondary to demand like hemolysis and prolonged exposure to high altitudes where there’s lower oxygen levels
9
Q
Primary stimulator of rbc production
A
Epo
10
Q
Transcription complex which responds to changes in oxygen. Binds to epo gene and triggers epo protein formation
A
hypoxia inducible factoe
11
Q
Factors needed in rbc production
A
FolateVit b12
12
Q
Importance of folate
A
Dna synthesis, maturation of rbcs
13
Q
Importance of vit b12
A
Incorporates circulating folate into developing rbcs for final maturation of rbcs
14
Q
What is pernicious anemia
A
Failure to produce intejnsic faxtor, deficient b12 absorption, large megaloblastic rbcs
15
Q
Storage form of iron
A
Ferritin
16
Q
Protein carrier of iron
A
Transferrin
17
Q
Type of stem call committed to erythrocyte maturation
A
CFU-E
18
Q
Normal rbc in men and women
A
4.5 to 6 million rbcs / microliter4.2-5 million
19
Q
Contractile protein which help in cell shape and flexibility
A
Spectrin
20
Q
Describe MCV
A
Hct/number of rbcsToo small or too large rbcs
21
Q
Average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood
A
Mean cell hemoglobin concentration
22
Q
Average liefspan of ebc
A
120
23
Q
Fate of globin chains in rbc recycling
A
Broken down into amino acids for new protein synthesis
24
Q
Fate of iron in rbc recycling
A
Transferred by transferrin to bone marrow and used for new hemoglobin
25
Abnromal variation in the size if the cell
Anisocytosis
26
Abnormal variationnin the ahape of rbcs
Poikilocytosis
27
RBCs form stacks or rolls
Rouleaux
28
Wbc couns exceeding 50,000 with normal looking wbc
Lukemoid reaction
29
Wbc couns exceeding 50,000 with abnormal looking wbc
Leukemia
30
Wbc elevated in bacterial infection
Neutrophil
31
Monocyte in the peripheral blood
Macrophage
32
Elevated during allergic reactions; acid-loving; migrate to tissues with parasitic infection
Eosinophils
33
Work with eosinophils for systemic allergic reaction
Basophils
34
Effect of histamine and bradykinin in inflammation
Vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries
35
5 signs of inflammation
Rubor: rednessDolor: painTumor: swellingCalor: warmth/heatLoss of function
36
Main adhesion molecule for capture and initiation of rolling of wbc in the inflammatory process; makes the endothelium sticky
P-selectin
37
Mediate the firm adhesion if wbcs in the endothelium
E-selectin
38
Stimulates transmigration of wbc
Interleukin 8, cadherin, and cd11/cd18
39
First line if defense in the blood
Neutrophils
40
First line of defense in the tissues, more powerful than neutrophils
Macrophages
41
Half-life of macrophages
17 hours
42
Macrophages in the liver
Kupfer cell
43
Macrophages in the dermal layes
Langerhans cell
44
Macrophages in the brain
Microglia
45
Maxrophages in the lungs
Alveolar macrophage
46
Phases of hemostasis
Vascular phase -vasoconstrictionPlatelet phase - platelet plug formationCoagulation phase - coagulation (blood clotting)Growth of fibrous tissueFibrinolytic phas - lysis of clot
47
A large glycoprotein which mediates platelet adhesion to injured endothelium; stabilizes factor VIII
Von willebrand factor
48
Secreted by healthy vessels to inhibit platelet aggregation
Prostacyclin
49
Blood test which measure the function of extrinsic and common pathways of clotting
Prothrombin time
50
Role of calcium in clotting
Allows clotting to start
51
Test for clotting which measures the integrity of the intrinsic system (factors XII, XI, VII, IX) and common pathway
Activated partial thromboplastin time
52
Precipitates and de-ionizes calcium to prevent clotting
Citrate and oxalate
53
Three essential steps in clotting
Formation of prothrombin activator complexConversion of prothrombin to thrombinConversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibers
54
Actual enzyme that will convert prothrombin to thrombin
Active factor x
55
Platelet activators (5 important)
Collagen -from damaged epitheliumADP - from damaged RBCs and activated plateletsThromboxane A2 - from activated plateletsPlatelet factor 3 - from plateletsThrombin -circulating in the plasma
56
Clotting factors 2,7,9,10
II- prothrombinVII - proconvertin (stable factor)IX - plasma thromboplastin component, christmas factorX - stuart-prower factor
57
Forms the prothrombin activator complex
Factor Xa combines with factor V and phospholipids
58
Point at which both extrinsic and intrinsic pathway converge to form the common pathway
Activation of factor X
59
Is a protease that splits prothrombin and activates enzyme thrombin
factor Xa
60
The most potent physiological activator Catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin
61
Cross-links adjacent fibrin fibers via covalent bondingStrengthens and stabilizes the clot
Factor XIII
62
Breaks down fibrin inti soluble fragments
Plasmin
63
Classes of hemorrhage
Class I -750 mlClass II - beyond 750 ml, sympathetic stimulation inc HR, cyanotic, cool extremities, hyperventilationClass III - hemorrhagic shock, drop in BP, confusion, PR >100 bpmClass IV - vital organ perfusion is failing
64
Baroreceptor reflexes
Fall in bp causes activation of sympathetic adrenergic symptoms:Constricted blood vessels, increased hr, increased contractility
65
Chemoreceptor reflexes in systemic acidosis due to decreased blood flow to organs
Sympathetic response
66
Essential cofactor of factors 2,7,9,10
Vitamin K
67
Missing factor in hemophilia
Factor VIII
68
Function of the c3b in the complement system
For opsonization and phagocytosisBinds to surface of the pathogen and makes it more "palatable" for phagocytosis
69
The convergence of all the three pathways of the complement system
Formation of c3b
70
Immunoglobulin in primary immune response
IgM
71
Immunoglobulin in secondary immune response
IgG
72
Helper T cells which help b lymphocytes to produce antibodies
Cd4+ t cells / helper t cells
73
Cytotoxic t cells
Cd8+ T cells
74
Complication of measles
Pneumonia
75
Infant born before completing __ weeks of gestation are prone to developing normochromic and normocytic anemia
32 weeks
76
Anemia of prematurity resolves at __ months
3-6 months
77
Basic workup for anemia includes (lab tests)
CbcType and coombs testReticulocyte countReview of blood smearSerum bilirubin measurement
78
Physiologic regulator of platelet production
Thrombopoietin
79
Platelet disorder where there is defective clot retractionGood platelet count but only half are functional
Thrombasthenia
80
A hemorrhagic disease characterized by extravasation if blood into the tissues, the skin, and mucous membranes causing ecchymoses and petechiae
Vascular purpura
81
Coagulation system of fetus begins at
10-11 weeks gestation
82
Vitamin-k depending clotting factors
ii, vii, ix, x
83
Coagulation factors deficient in hemophilia
xiii, ix, xi
84
Clotting disorder where platelets have been fully utilized and consumed, resulting to bleeding all over
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
85
Week of gestation when surfactant are secreted and detectable amounts are in the amniotic fluid
27 weeks if gestation
86
Start of respiratory development in uteri where major airways began to develop (weeks)
4 weeks
87
Pneumocyte type lining the alveoli which are flat with large cytoplasmic extensions; primary lining cells of the alveoli
Type I pneumocyte
88
Pneumocyte type lining the alveoli that is thicker and the only ones secreting surfactants in vivo
Type II pneumocyte
89
Functions to stabilize the alveoli, prevent collapse, and reduces work of breathing by decreasing surface tension forces
Surfactant
90
Marks the transition period from a very dependent respiratory system to an independent system of newborn
First breath
91
2 zones if lower respiratory tract
1-16 generations: conducting zone (anatomic dead space)17-23 generations: respiratory zone (gas exchanger site)
92
Main inspiratory muscle
Diaphragm
93
Maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest effort
Total lung capacity
94
Amount of air remaining inside the lungs after normal/quiet expiration
Functional residual capacity
95
Maximal amount of air one could still inspire
Inspiratory capacity
96
Maximal amount of air a person can expel after first filling to maximum extent and then expiring to maximum extent
Vital capacity or forced vital capacity
97
Term which means the ease by which the lungs can be expanded
Compliance
98
Is the pressure difference between the alveoli and the mouth divided by a flow rate
Airway resistance
99
Inhibits large TV and overdistentionInspiratory inhibitory reflex
Hering-Breur inflation reflex
100
Lung receptors stimulated by chemicals injected in the pulmonary circulation, and engorgement of the pulmonary capillaries, increase in interstitial fluid volume
J receptors
101
Stage of pediatric lung development:Primary bronchi elongate into the mesenchyme and divide into 2 main bronchi
Embryonic
102
Stage of pediatric lung development:Mesenchyme differentiates into cartilage smooth muscle, and connective tissueAll major conducting airways have formed
Pseudoglandular
103
Stage of pediatric lung development:Development of respiratory bronchioles with terminal sacs/primitive alveoliAbility to retain air at end-expirationAbility to maintain functional residual capacityMay survive but with difficulty
Canalicular
104
Stage of pediatric lung development:First time contact between the air space and blood streamImmature surfactant
Saccular
105
Mature lung surfactant ratio
2:1
106
Stage of pediatric lung development:With mature surfactant
Alveolar
107
May be injected to the mother to initiate maturation of alveoli
Steroid
108
Total lung capacity of the newborn
160 ml
109
Causes a more reactive airway and may cause bronchospasms
Histamine and methylcholine
110
Factors opposing first breath
Alveolar surface tensionViscosity of lung fluidDegree of lung complianceMucus, blood, meconium, amniotic fluid
111
Inhibits fetal breathing movements
Prostaglandin E2
112
Prostaglandin inhibitors whih stimulate FBMs
Indomethacin
113
Depresses ventilation in the neonate
Prostaglandin E1 and E2, and adenosine
114
Protein-rich edema fluid inhibits
Surfactant function
115
Persistent acidemia inhibits
Surfactant synthesis
116
How glutamate affects breathing in the newborn
Stimulates respiration
117
How glycine and GABA affects breathing
Essential for generating respiratory rhythm
118
Age-specific respiratory pathogen in utero
TORCH
119
Age-specific respiratory pathogen at birth
Group B strep/chlamydia
120
Age-specific respiratory pathogen during infancy:
H influenza, parainfluenza
121
Age-specific respiratory pathogen for school-aged children
RSV
122
Classification of tracheal epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
123
Classification of bronchiole epithelium
columnar epithelium
