2. Urogenital Development

Question 1

the urogenital ridge (nephrogenic cord) arises from the __ of the trilaminar disc before giving rise to urinary and genital system

Answer 1

intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

what are the 3 kidneys that originally develop from nephrogenic cord

Answer 2

pronephric, mesonephric, metanephric

Question 3

which of the 3 kidneys contains functional glomeruli in week 4 and becomes ductus deferens in males around week 10

Answer 3

mesonephros

Question 4

what is the exit point of urinary system into amniotic cavity

Answer 4

cloaca

Question 5

which of the 3 kidneys splits into two parts: ureteric bud and a mass of mesoderm

Answer 5

metanephros

Question 6

renogenesis (kidney development) is dependent on reciprocal induction by

Answer 6

RA

Question 7

the renogenic mesoderm established by an RA gradient is the ___ which secretes growth factors inducing growth of ureteric bud from the caudal portion of mesonephric duct

Answer 7

metanephric blastema

Question 8

the ureteric bud secretes growth factors stimulating metanephric blastema to become what two adult structures

Answer 8

glomeruli, kidney tubules

Question 9

the ureteric bud becomes what adult structures

Answer 9

collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

Question 10

urine is produced by the metanephros to supplement amniotic fluid in utero, what is the condition of insufficient amniotic fluid

Answer 10

oligohydramnios

Question 11

oligohydramnios can be indicative of what two conditions

Answer 11

bilateral renal agenesis, urethral obstruction

Question 12

aberrant (accessory) renal arteries may enter kidney only cause problems when they enter at a pole obstructing

Answer 12

ureter

Question 13

no kidneys develop in this condition diagnosed by oligohydramnios (results in potter’s syndrome)

Answer 13

renal agenesis

Question 14

renal fusion can prevent rotation of hilum to midline or prevent ascension causing wrong placement aka

Answer 14

ectopic kidney

Question 15

fused kidneys (horseshoe) usually found inferior to what major aortic artery

Answer 15

inferior mesenteric

Question 16

cancer of kidney caused by WT1 gene mutations characterized by blood in urine

Answer 16

wilms tumor

Question 17

the cloaca (common urogenital outflow in utero) gets divided by the __ into dorsal and ventral portions

Answer 17

urorectal septum

Question 18

common urogenital outflow in utero occurs through what structure

Answer 18

cloaca

Question 19

the cloaca when divided by urorectal septum dorsally becomes __ and ventrally becomes __

Answer 19

rectum, bladder

Question 20

failure of __ to retract completely and close from the umbilicus leads to leakage of fecal matter

Answer 20

vitteline duct

Question 21

failure of __ to retract completely and close from the umbilicus to become urachus leads to leakage of urine

Answer 21

alantois

Question 22

two structures that preliminarily open into the bladder, one of which gets displaced to the prostate gland in males so that semen does not enter the bladder

Answer 22

ureteric bud, mesonephric duct

Question 23

the triangular region of the mesonephric duct incorporated into the bladder wall forms the

Answer 23

trigone

Question 24

along with being patent (fistula, failing to close) what other anomaly can occur with the urachus causing an abdominal mass

Answer 24

urachal cyst

Question 25

the embryo remains genitally undifferentiated until what week of development

Answer 25

6

Question 26

male versus female external genitalia can be recognized at what week of development

Answer 26

12

Question 27

fetal sex is determined by encoding what region of chromosome 46

Answer 27

SRY

Question 28

synthesis of what triggers male development? When it's not expressed default is female

Answer 28

SRY protein (TDF)

Question 29

SRY triggers the development of ___ into the wolffian duct which become epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct

Answer 29

leydig cells

Question 30

SRY causes __ to develop signaling the mullein ducts to degenerate preventing female development

Answer 30

sertoli cells

Question 31

the absence of SRY allows __ to develop which become fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper part of vagina

Answer 31

mullerian duct

Question 32

the absence of SRY means leydig cells do not develop and thus testosterone does not signal ___ to become male genitalia

Answer 32

wolffian ducts

Question 33

duct that plays the most essential role in male development

Answer 33

mesonephric

Question 34

duct that plays the most essential role in female development

Answer 34

paramesonephric

Question 35

gonads develop from intraembryonic coelom, intermediate mesoderm and ___ from yolk sac which invade dorsal mesentery and migrate to urogenital ridge

Answer 35

primordial germ cells

Question 36

primary sex cords are aggregates that become gonad which has an outer cortex (becomes ___ in female) and inner medulla (becomes ___ in males)

Answer 36

ovary, testes

Question 37

in females, the paramesonephric duct becomes

Answer 37

oviduct, uterus, upper vagina

Question 38

in females, the mesonephric duct becomes

Answer 38

regresses

Question 39

in females, the urogenital sinus

Answer 39

remains open

Question 40

in females, the genital tubercle becomes

Answer 40

clitoris

Question 41

in females, the labioscrotal swellings become

Answer 41

vulva

Question 42

in males, the paramesonephric ducts

Answer 42

regress

Question 43

in males, the urogenital sinus becomes

Answer 43

urethra, protate

Question 44

in males, mesonephric ducts become

Answer 44

ductus deferens, epidydymis

Question 45

in males, the genital tubercle becomes

Answer 45

penis

Question 46

in males, the labioscrotal swellings become

Answer 46

scrotum

Question 47

urogenital folds become __ in males

Answer 47

shaft

Question 48

urogenital folds become __ in females

Answer 48

labia minora

Question 49

2 uterus, 2 vagina (paramesonephric duct anomoly)

Answer 49

uterus didelphys

Question 50

2 uterus, 1 vagina (paramesonephric duct anomoly)

Answer 50

uterus bicornis

Question 51

(paramesonephric duct anomoly) closure of cervix or vagina

Answer 51

atresia

Question 52

anomoly resulting in missing uterine tube, uterus, upper vagina (paramesonephric ducts don't develop)

Answer 52

mullerian agenesis

Question 53

incomplete fusion of urethral fold in males (occurring at glans, shaft, scrotal, perineal) harder to treat the closer it occurs to the body

Answer 53

hypospadias

Question 54

46 XX individual who undergoes excess adrenal androgen production in utero and forms genitalia that may be masuclinization of external genitalia: labial fusion, phallic urethra, but normal ovaries

Answer 54

adrenal hyperplasia

Question 55

46 XY individual with receptors unresponsive to androgens thus failure to masculinize and secondary female sex characteristics form at puberty- X linked

Answer 55

AIS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Question 56

autosomal recessive condition where testosterone cannot be converted to DHT thus child has ambiguous genitalia, normal ductus deferens

Answer 56

5ARD