22.Vitamins_Tests

Question 1

A patient shows peripheral neuropathy and high-output cardiac failure.
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
B. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
C. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
D. Vitamin K

Answer 1

C - Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Mechanism: coenzyme in decarboxylation reactions.

Question 2

A patient presents with swollen bleeding gums and perifollicular hemorrhages.
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Niacin (B3)
B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin B12
D. Vitamin C

Answer 2

D - Vitamin C: Scurvy. Mechanism: redox reactions and collagen hydroxylation.

Question 3

A patient on warfarin overdose experiences bleeding and elevated INR.
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin K
B. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin C

Answer 3

A - Vitamin K: Bleeding diathesis. Mechanism: cofactor in hepatic carboxylation of procoagulants and proteins C/S.

Question 4

A middle-aged adult presents with ataxia and peripheral neuropathy due to oxidative damage.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin E
B. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin C

Answer 4

A - Vitamin E: major antioxidant; scavenges free radicals. Deficiency: Spinocerebellar degeneration.

Question 5

An infant shows prolonged clotting time and bleeding after antagonist therapy.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin K
B. Vitamin B12
C. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
D. Pantothenic Acid

Answer 5

A - Vitamin K: cofactor in hepatic carboxylation of procoagulants and proteins C/S. Deficiency: Bleeding diathesis.

Question 6

An adult has diffuse bone pain and Looser’s zones on X-ray.
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Biotin
B. Niacin (B3)
C. Folate
D. Vitamin D

Answer 6

D - Vitamin D: Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults. Mechanism: facilitates calcium and phosphorus absorption; bone mineralization.

Question 7

An infant fed formula without vitamin supplementation develops seizures and anemia.
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Pantothenic Acid
B. Vitamin E
C. Niacin (B3)
D. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Answer 7

D - Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy. Mechanism: coenzyme in amino acid metabolism.

Question 8

A teenager has bowed legs, hypocalcemia, and delayed closure of fontanelles.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Folate
B. Vitamin E
C. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
D. Vitamin D

Answer 8

D - Vitamin D: facilitates calcium and phosphorus absorption; bone mineralization. Deficiency: Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults.

Question 9

A pregnant woman has elevated homocysteine and a fetus with neural tube defects.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Folate
B. Vitamin E
C. Vitamin A
D. Vitamin K

Answer 9

A - Folate: one-carbon unit transfer in DNA synthesis. Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects.

Question 10

A patient develops progressive spinocerebellar ataxia without vitamin B12 deficiency.
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin E
B. Biotin
C. Vitamin A
D. Vitamin K

Answer 10

A - Vitamin E: Spinocerebellar degeneration. Mechanism: major antioxidant; scavenges free radicals.

Question 11

A patient has dermatitis, glossitis, and cheilosis with deficiency of what vitamin?
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin D
B. Vitamin B12
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Answer 11

D - Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, corneal vascularization. Mechanism: converted to FMN and FAD for intermediary metabolism.

Question 12

A patient has sore throat, angular cheilosis, and photophobia with corneal vascularization.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
B. Niacin (B3)
C. Vitamin K
D. Folate

Answer 12

A - Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): converted to FMN and FAD for intermediary metabolism. Deficiency: Cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, corneal vascularization.

Question 13

Which vitamin is necessary for synthesis of coenzyme A used in fatty acid metabolism?
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
B. Vitamin K
C. Vitamin D
D. Pantothenic Acid

Answer 13

D - Pantothenic Acid: component of coenzyme A. Deficiency: No specific deficiency syndrome.

Question 14

A patient with neuropathic pain and macrocytic anemia has deficiency of which vitamin?
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin B12
D. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Answer 14

C - Vitamin B12: Megaloblastic anemia, posterior column degeneration. Mechanism: folate metabolism and DNA synthesis; myelin maintenance.

Question 15

A patient presents with photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhea, and memory loss.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B12
C. Niacin (B3)
D. Vitamin E

Answer 15

C - Niacin (B3): precursor for NAD and NADP in redox reactions. Deficiency: Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia.

Question 16

A chronic alcoholic presents with confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
C. Biotin
D. Vitamin K

Answer 16

B - Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): coenzyme in decarboxylation reactions. Deficiency: Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 17

Which vitamin acts as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions like pyruvate carboxylase?
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin D
D. Biotin

Answer 17

D - Biotin: cofactor in carboxylation reactions. Deficiency: No clearly defined clinical syndrome.

Question 18

A patient with skin rash and alopecia after consuming raw egg whites has deficiency of which vitamin?
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Folate
B. Pantothenic Acid
C. Biotin
D. Vitamin D

Answer 18

C - Biotin: No clearly defined clinical syndrome. Mechanism: cofactor in carboxylation reactions.

Question 19

A patient exhibits impaired dark adaptation and epithelial metaplasia of respiratory tract lining.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin A
B. Niacin (B3)
C. Vitamin E
D. Folate

Answer 19

A - Vitamin A: component of visual pigment; maintains epithelia; resistance to infection. Deficiency: Night blindness, xerophthalmia, squamous metaplasia.

Question 20

A child has xerophthalmia and Bitot spots on conjunctiva.
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
C. Niacin (B3)
D. Vitamin B12

Answer 20

A - Vitamin A: Night blindness, xerophthalmia, squamous metaplasia. Mechanism: component of visual pigment; maintains epithelia; resistance to infection.

Question 21

A sailor develops gum bleeding, poor wound healing, and corkscrew hairs.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
B. Biotin
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin B12

Answer 21

C - Vitamin C: redox reactions and collagen hydroxylation. Deficiency: Scurvy.

Question 22

A patient with megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects requires supplementation with which vitamin?
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
B. Biotin
C. Folate
D. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Answer 22

C - Folate: Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects. Mechanism: one-carbon unit transfer in DNA synthesis.

Question 23

A malnourished patient presents with the three Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia.
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
B. Vitamin C
C. Folate
D. Niacin (B3)

Answer 23

D - Niacin (B3): Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia. Mechanism: precursor for NAD and NADP in redox reactions.

Question 24

A patient on isoniazid therapy develops peripheral neuropathy and seizures.
Which vitamin best explains this presentation?
A. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
B. Vitamin A
C. Biotin
D. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Answer 24

D - Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): coenzyme in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency: Cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy.

Question 25

A diet lacking coenzyme A precursor leads to defects in fatty acid oxidation; which vitamin is missing? Which vitamin deficiency is most likely? A. Vitamin E B. Pantothenic Acid C. Biotin D. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Answer 25

B - Pantothenic Acid: No specific deficiency syndrome. Mechanism: component of coenzyme A.

Question 26

A vegan patient has macrocytic anemia and loss of vibration sensation in feet. Which vitamin best explains this presentation? A. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) B. Niacin (B3) C. Vitamin B12 D. Vitamin E

Answer 26

C - Vitamin B12: folate metabolism and DNA synthesis; myelin maintenance. Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia, posterior column degeneration.