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MCBM > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is a carbohydrate

A

a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone or a derivative thereof: usually cyclized, usually have the formula CH2O, some contain nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur

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2
Q

What are glyconjugates

A

Carbohydrate polymer attached to protein (glycoprotein) or lipid (glycolipid)

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3
Q

What are the three classes of carbohydrates

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. Oligosaccharides
  3. polysaccharides (glycogen and starch)
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4
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars; a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit

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5
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide found in nature

A

D-glucose (dextrose)

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6
Q

What are oligosaccharides

A

short chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Most abundant are the DISACCHARIDES - have a name ending in -ose

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7
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Longer chains (more than 20 aa) some are linear, some branched. Ex are starch and cellulose

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8
Q

Monosaccharides are ___ and ___solids that are freely ____ in water and ___ in nonpolar solvents

A

colorless; crystalline; soluble; insolule

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9
Q

Backbone of monosaccharides are:

A

an unbranched chain of 3-7 carbons

  • all carbons linked by a single bond
  • 0ne carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketose)
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10
Q

what is an aldose

A

When the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain in an aldehyde group - simplest is glyceraldehyde

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11
Q

what is a ketose

A

The carbonyl group is at any other position as a ketone - simplest is dihydroxyacetone

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12
Q

What are constitutional isomers

A

They have same formula but different structure

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13
Q

what are stereoisomers

A

a molecule with chiral centers and can have 2^n stereoisomers

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14
Q

What are isomers

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula

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15
Q

What are stereoisomers

A

They have the same connectivity

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16
Q

what is an epimer

A

Differes only at one C

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17
Q

What is an anomer

A

subgroup of epimers in which Differs at the carbonyl C

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18
Q

How are monosaccharides further classified

A

by the number of carbons. we are focusing on the pentoses (5) and hexoses (6)

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19
Q

Glucose is an

A

aldohexose

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20
Q

Fructose is a

A

ketohexose

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21
Q

glucose and fructose have same formula but different connectivity so they are

A

consitutional isomers

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22
Q

mannose glucose and galactose plus fructose are

A

the most abundant sugars

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23
Q

mannose glucose and galactose are

A

stereoisomers; they have the same connectivity

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24
Q

All monosaccharides except ____ have one or more assymetric chiral C atoms

A

dihydroxyacetone

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25
Q

By convention, the OH is drawn to the right for the ___isomer

A

D

26
Q

Our amino acids are ___

A

L

27
Q

Optical activity and absolute configuration are ___related

A

NOT

28
Q

Almost all monosaccharides are in the ___form

A

D

29
Q

D- ____ is the most abundant monosaccharide in the body

A

glucose

30
Q

when the carbonyl carbon forms a covalent bond with the oxygen of an OH (alcohol) group along the chain you can form a

A

Hemiacetal –> acetal

Hemiketal –> Ketal

31
Q

Five membered rings form a

A

furan –> form of sugar is called furanose

32
Q

6 membered ring forms a

A

pyran–>pyranose

33
Q

When hydroxyl is below the rings its called

A

alpha

34
Q

when hydroxyl group is above the ring its called

A

Beta

35
Q

What does mutarotation refer to

A

when alpha and beta OH groups move around and rotate

36
Q

The hydroxyl group can usually be replaced by another substituent, usually an ___group

A

amino

37
Q

____is important in bacterial cell walls

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

38
Q

Monosaccharides can oxidize carbonyl (aldehyde groups) to COOH which yields ____acid

A

aldonic; gluconate from glucose

39
Q

If you oxidize the last C in chain you form ____acid

A

uronic; glucoronate from glucose

40
Q

If you form internal esters you get

A

lactones

41
Q

What is chlorhexidine

A

used as achlorhexidine gluconate derivative. A chemical antiseptic for maintaing oral hygience in treatment of gingivitis and periodontal disease

42
Q

What is sialic acid

A

A derivative of N-acetylmannosamine which is impt for components of many glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycolipds

43
Q

What are phosphate esters of sugars

A

very important in metabolism. Traps sugars inside cells and activates OH groups for further reactions

44
Q

What are enediol formations

A

Important in isomerization of glucose 6-P to fructose 6-P. Reaction is catalyzed by phosphoglucoisomerase

45
Q

What is xylitol

A

a sugar alcohol which is a pentose derivative which is associated with a reduction in caries incidence

46
Q

What is inositol

A

sugar molecule that is a important in cell signaling. AKA Vitamin B8 found in kiwi. May be effective in helping spina bifida

47
Q

What are reducing sugars

A

Mild oxidzing agents like iron and copper will oxidize the sugar that will reduce the metal and cause a color change. These sugars are called reducing sugars

48
Q

What are glycosides

A

Monosaccharides in solution are hemiacetals which can react with an alcohol to form acetals. Linkage to alcohol is an O-glycosidic bond

49
Q

N -linked bond is when sugars can attach to ___group

A

amide

50
Q

What are disaccharides

A

When a monosachharide is joined by another monosaccharide joined by an O -glycosidic bond

51
Q

Which carbons are anomeric?

A

The carbonyl carbons

52
Q

How do you determine if a sugar is reducing or non reducing

A

Depends on whether the anomeric carbon is involved in the glycosidic bond. If its free its reducing, if its not, its non reducing

53
Q

Sucrose is a ___ ___ disaccharide

A

non- reducing

54
Q

What are the most common disaccharides

A

Maltose = glucose + glucose
Lactose+ glucose + galactose
Sucrose = Glucose + fructose

55
Q

What is lactose

A

most abundant sugar in milk. poorly absorbed.

56
Q

Small intestine secretes ____ to hydrolyze glucose and galactose

A

lactase

57
Q

What is lactose intolerance

A

Lactose not being absorbed. Causes osmotic imbalance. You get diarreah. Bacteria starts to ferment it so you get a lot of gas

58
Q

What are 3 types of lactose intolerance

A
  1. Primary: Due to genetically controlled decline in intestinal lactase. Permanent. give patient a bolus of lactose and monitor for rise in blood glucose levels. If levels go up they are intolerant
  2. Secondary: Due to damage to intestine wall (temporary)
  3. Congenital: Genetic lack of lactase (rare)
59
Q

What are homopolysaccharides

A

Serve as storage forms of monosaccharides used as fuels: starch in plants, glycogen in animals

60
Q

What is starch

A

Main storage polymer of plant cells.

61
Q

What are the two polymers of starch

A
  1. Amylose: Linear homopolymer of D-glucose linked alpha 1-4

2. Amylopectin: branched polymer of D-glucose; branches alpha 1-6

MCBM (59 decks)

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