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1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 > 2 - Introduction to Histology and BLood > Flashcards

2 - Introduction to Histology and BLood Flashcards

1
Q 
How is tissue prepared for viewing under a light microscope?
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Fix sample
2) Embed in paraffin
3) Sectioning of sample
4) Stain material

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2
Q

How is a sample fixed?

A

Expose sample to formaldehyde

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3
Q

Effects of fixing sample

A

Crosslinks molecules in sample, preventing degradation of sample (EG: from bacterial decomposition, autolysis).

Stiffens sample, making it easier to make thin slices.

Formaldehyde is a powerful antibacterial

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4
Q

Paraffin embedding process
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Fixed samples dehydrated in alcohol
2) Alcohol replaced with xylene
3) Add molten paraffin

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5
Q

Why do samples need to be dehydrated before embedding in paraffin?

A

Sample is mostly water, paraffin isn’t water-based. Need to remove water.

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6
Q

Thickness of sectioned samples

A

5-15 micrometers

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7
Q

Most common histological dye

A

Haemotoxylin and eosin (H and E)

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8
Q

Haemotoxylin stain colour

A

Blue/purple

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9
Q

Eosin stain colour

A

Pink

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10
Q

What does haemotoxylin bind to?

A

Acidic or negatively-charged compounds.

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11
Q

Examples of things that haemotoxylin binds to
1)
2)

A

1) Phosphate groups of nucleic acids

2) Some acid mucins, proteoglycans

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12
Q

What does eosin bind to?

A

Positively-charged compounds

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13
Q

Amphophilic

A

Binds to both eosin and haemotoxylin

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14
Q

Example of an amphophilic cell

A

Plasma cell.

Cytoplasm stains pink with eosin, a lot of protein and rER binds haemotoxylin

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15
Q

Four basic tissue types

A

1) Connective tissue
2) Epithelia
3) Muscle
4) Neural tissue

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16
Q

Parenchyma

A

Funcitonal cells

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17
Q

Stroma

A

Support tissue

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18
Q

Types of connective tissue
1)
2) a, b
3)

A

1) Embryonic
2) Connective tissue proper
a) Loose
b) Dense (regular or irregular)
3) Specialised connective tissue

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19
Q 
Examples of specialised connective tissue 
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A

1) Cartilage
2) Bone
3) Adipose tissue
4) Blood
5) Haemopoietic tissue
6) Lymphatic tissue

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20
Q

Amount of blood in an average 70kg person

A

~5L

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21
Q

Blood functions
1)
2)
3

A 
1) Transport: O2, CO2,
nutrients, waste,
hormones, heat, cells
2) Defence (immune
system)
3) Haemostasis
22
Q 
Components of plasma
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
A

1) Water
2) Proteins
3) Salts
4) Lipids
5) Sugars

23
Q

Tonicity of plasma

A

Isotonic, except for proteins, which can’t extravasate

24
Q

Three main groups of proteins in blood

A

1) Those involved in coagulation
2) Albumins
3) Globular proteins

25
Q

Adult female erythrocyte count

A

3.8-5.8 x 10^12/L

26
Q

Adult male erythrocyte count

A

4.5-6.5 x 101^2/L

27
Q

Normal neutrophil count (adult)

A

2.0-7.5 x 10^9/L

28
Q

Normal eosinophil count (adult)

A

0.04-0.4 x 10^9/L

29
Q

Normal basophil count

A

<0.1 x 10^9/L

30
Q

Normal lymphocyte count

A

1.5-4 x 10^9/L

31
Q

Normal monocyte count

A

0.2-0.8 x 109/L

32
Q

Normal platelet count

A

150-400 x 10^9/L

33
Q

Haematocrit

A

Proportion of blood that is red blood cells

34
Q

Normal haematocrit

A

~45%

35
Q

Average erythrocyte diameter

A

7.2 micrometers

36
Q

Average erythrocyte lifespan

A

120 days in blood

37
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature form of red blood cells that are released into the blood
Make up less than 1% of circulating red blood cells

38
Q

Morphological features of reticulocytes

A

No nucleus

Still some organelles and RNA in cytoplasm

39
Q

When do reticulocyte numbers increase in the blood?

A

After haemorrhage or haemolysis

40
Q

Name for form in which RBC is first released into blood

A

Reticulocyte

41
Q

Name for immature, nucleated RBC

A

Normoblast

42
Q

Average diameter of platelets

A

2-4 micrometers

43
Q

Life span of platelets

A

8-10 days

44
Q

Important morphological difference between granulocytes and mononuclear leukocytes

A

Granulocytes have multi-lobated nucleus, mononuclear leukocytes have unlobated nucleus

45
Q

Examples of factors contained in neutrophil granules
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Myeloperoxidase
2) Lysozyme
3) Collagenase

46
Q

Average lifespan of neutrophils

A

A few days

47
Q

Shape of eosinophil nucleus

A

Bilobated

48
Q

Shape of basophil nucleus

A

Bilobated

49
Q

Largest leukocyte

A

Monocyte

50
Q

Shape of monocyte nucleus

A

Monolobated, eccentric (on edge of cell), bean-shaped

51
Q

Factors controlling haematopoiesis

A

Colony-stimulating factors

52
Q 
Examples of blood examination techniques
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Full blood examination/complete blood examination
2) Bone marrow biopsy
3) Blood films stained
4) Haemostasis tests

1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 (157 decks)

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