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1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 > 111 - Eukaryotic Parasites 2 > Flashcards

111 - Eukaryotic Parasites 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three major types of worms

A

1) Roundworms
2) Tapeworms
3) Flukes

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2
Q

Similarities between all helminths
1
2
3

A

1) No lungs (extegument across which gasses exchange)
2) Sexual reproduction
3) Complex life-cycles, involving more than one host

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3
Q

Examples of human roundworms
1
2
3

A

1) Pinworms
2) Ascaris
3) Strongyloides

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4
Q

Examples of human tapeworms
1
2

A

1) Echinococcus

2) Taenia

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5
Q

Example of a human fluke

A

Schistosoma

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6
Q

Nematodes
1
2
3

A

1) Roundworms
2) Tube-like animal, covered with a cuticle
3) Most are free-living

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7
Q

Most clinically-important Nematode

A

Pinworm (enterobius vermicularis)

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8
Q 
Features of pinworm infection
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3
4
A

1) Most children infected at some time; highly contagious
2) 1cm long female crawls out of anus at night to release eggs
3) Fingers, sheets contaminated
4) Pre-patent period 4-6 weeks

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9
Q 
Ringworm life-cycle
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3
4
5
A

1) Embryonated eggs ingested
2) Larvae hatch in small intestine
3) Mate in caecum
4) Leave body through anus at night, lay eggs around anus
5) Transferred by scratching eggs

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10
Q

Symptoms of pinworm

A

Many asymptomatic infections.

Perianal/vaginal itch

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11
Q

Diagnosis of pinworm

A

Detection of eggs.

No serology, as never enters blood.

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12
Q

Treatment for pinworm

A

Antihelminth medication

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13
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Large intestinal roundworm

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14
Q

Number of eggs laid by Ascaris

A

200, 000 eggs per day (laid by female)

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15
Q

Size of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Can be 30cm long

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16
Q 
Ascaris lumbricoides life-cycle
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A

1) Maturation in jejunum
2) Eggs passed in faeces, mature in damp soil over a few weeks
3) Eggs get into water, contaminate plant material.
4) Are ingested, infect jejunum
5) After maturation in jejunum are about 1/2mm long. Enter hepatic circulation, break through alveolar walls into alveolar space.
6) Migrate up the trachea, get swallowed again.
7) Attach to wall of jejunum, stay there for the rest of their lives

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17
Q

Distribution of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Worldwide, but mostly in tropics (soil is too cold in many places, EG Melbourne)

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18
Q 
Symptoms of Ascaris infection 
1
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3
4
5
A

1) Mainly asymptomatic.
2) Pneumonitis (from larval migration).
3) Intestinal obstruction (pancreatitis, cholangitis).
4) Because of repeated coinfections with different stages of 5) Ascaris lifecycle, have all symptoms at the same time (EG: asthma from larval migration irritating lungs)

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19
Q

Diagnosis of Ascaris

A

Eggs in faeces.

Imaging of large worms causing obstructions (EG ultrasound)

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20
Q

Number of Strongyloides infections worldwide

A

100 million

21
Q

How do Strongyloides stercoralis infect host?

A

Penetrate skin of host.

22
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis features of infection
1
2
3

A

1) Gram- co-infection (thought to be covered in G- bacteria, introduces these into the blood stream). Septicaemia.
2) Can come about if someone is immunosuppressed (EG: glucocorticoids prescribed)
3) Autoinfection. Entire life-cycle can occur within a human.

23
Q 
Strongyloides sterocoralis life-cycle
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9
A

1) Rhabditiform larvae excreted in stool
2) Develop into free-living adult worms
3) Eggs produced by female worms
4) Rhabditiform larvae hatch from eggs.
5) Infective filariform larvae can penetrate intact skin of host
6) Filariform enters bloodstream, transported to lungs, enter alveolar spaces.
7) Carried into the trachea, are swallowed.
8) Female lays eggs
9) Autoinfection.

24
Q

Example of a fluke

A

Schistosoma

25
Q

Where do Schistosoma mansonii live?

A

In intestinal veins of humans, in freshwater snails

26
Q

How do Schistosoma mansonii larvae enter human host?

A

Through intact skin

27
Q 
Schistosoma lifecycle
1
2
3
4
5
A

1) Penetrate skin
2) Go through blood to liver, into portal system
3) Penetrate bowel wall
4) Lay eggs in mesenteric venules of bowel, rectum, eggs are passed in stools
5) Infect freshwater snails

28
Q

Distribution of Schistosoma mansonii

A

Africa, tropical South America, Caribbean

29
Q 
Symptoms of Schistosomisasis
1
2
3 a, b, c, d
4
A

1) Cercarial dermatitis
2) Light infections often itch
3) In heavy infections:
a) Hepatomegaly
b) Splenomegaly
c) Collateral circulation, portal hypertension
d) Pulmonary fibrosis
4) Can be asymptomatic

30
Q

Diagnosis of Scistosoma mansonii

A

Characteristic eggs in faeces, serology

31
Q

Treatments for Schistosoma mansonii

A

Antihelminthics

32
Q

Disease control of Schistosoma monsonii

A

Eradicating freshwater snails

33
Q

Immunity to Schistosoma

A

Persistent infections and reinfections are common, concomitant immunity can be demonstrated in animal hosts, immune evasion by immunological masking

34
Q 
Features of tapeworms 
1
2
3
4
5
A

1) All parasitic
2) Segmented body
3) Surface tegument
4) No gut
5) Organs in parenchyma

35
Q

Cause of hydatid cyst disease

A

Echinococcus granulosus

36
Q

Normal cycle of Echinococcus infection
1
2
3

A

1) Definitive hosts are dogs
2) Intermediate hosts are sheep
3) Humans can be accidentally infected, but can’t pass viable eggs

37
Q

Pathology of Echinococcus granulosus infection in humans
1
2

A

1) Hydatid cysts form in tissues, principally in lungs, liver, but can occur in any body site.
2) Liver cysts are the most common, can persist for years

38
Q

Diagnostic tests for echinococcus infection

A

Imaging, serology

39
Q

Treatment for hydatid infections

A

Surgery, PAIR (percutaneous drainage of hydatid cysts - Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Reaspiration), antihelminthics

40
Q

Disease control of Echinococcus

A

Livestock vaccination

41
Q

Taeniasis hosts
1)
2)

A

1) Zoonotic infection.

2) Humans can be both intermediate and definitive host

42
Q

Size of Taenia tapeworms

A

Can be up to 10m long

43
Q

Helminth that can cause neurological problems

A

Taenia solium cysts form in brain

44
Q

Taenia solium distribution

A

Africa, Latin America, Asia

45
Q

Symptoms/pathology of Taenia solium

A

Cysts (cysticerci) in subcutaneous and neural tissues

46
Q

Diagnosis of Taenia solium

A

Serology, imaging techniques

47
Q

Dosease control of Taenia solium

A

Treatment of carriers, avoidance of eating raw pork, sanitary disposal of sewage, personal hygiene, vaccination in pigs

48
Q

Immunity against Taenia solium

A

Concomitant immunity, vaccination induces protection against egg infection

1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 (157 decks)

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