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1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 > 97 - Gastrointestinal Infections > Flashcards

97 - Gastrointestinal Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Reasons why diarrhoea kills
1
2

A

1) Immediate: fluid and electrolyte imbalance

2) Delayed: malnutrition

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2
Q

Reasons why diarrhoea kills

A

1) Immediate: fluid and electrolyte imbalance

2) Delayed: malnutrition

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3
Q

Fluid moving through GIT in 24 hours

A

~10L

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4
Q

Amount of fluid absorbed per day through GIT

A

~9.9L of 10L taken in (excrete ~100mL)

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5
Q

Two ways in which diarrhoea can come about
1
2

A

1) Small intestine origin - Too much fluid for intestine to absorb.
2) Diarrhoea of large intestinal origin - Large intestine becomes inflamed, stops retaining gut contents (can’t operate properly)

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6
Q

What characterises diarrhoea of small intestine origin

A

More volume, watery, frequent

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7
Q

What characterises diarrhoea of large intestine origin

A

Less volume, can be bloody or purulent

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8
Q

Dysentery

A

Presence of blood, pus, mucus in the faeces

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9
Q

Predominant aetiological agents of infective diarrhoea in developed vs developing countries

A

More bacteria in developing countries, more viral in developed countries

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10
Q

Aetiological agents of non-specific gastro

A

Bacteria, viruses, protozoa

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11
Q

Aetiological agents of dysentaery

A

Shigella/EIEC, protozoa

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12
Q

Typical protozoal cause of dysentary

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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13
Q

Aetiological agents of foodborne infections/intoxications

A

Salmonella, Virbio, Listeria, Yersinia, Campylobacter, EHEC, Staph, Clostridium, Bacillus, ciguatoxin, viruses.

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14
Q

Aetiological agents of foodborne infections/intoxications

A

Salmonella, Virbio, Listeria, Yersinia, Campylobacter, EHEC, Staph, Clostridium, Bacillus cereus, ciguatoxin, viruses.

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15
Q

Where is ciguatoxin found?

A

Some species of fish

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16
Q

Aetiological agents of travellers’ diarrhoea

A

ETEC, viruses, protozoa

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17
Q

Most common cause of travellers’ diarrhoea

A

ETEC (~50% of cases)

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18
Q

Aetiological agent of pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clostridium difficile

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19
Q

Most serious cause of antibiotic diarrhoea

A

Clostridium difficile

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20
Q

Aetiological agent of haemorrhagic colitis

A

EHEC

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21
Q

Most severe Shigella species

A

Shigella dysenteriae

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22
Q

Only infectious cause of haemolytic uremic syndrome

A

Shigatoxin (EHEC or S. dysentariae)

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23
Q

Only infectious cause of haemolytic uremic syndrome

A

Shigatoxin (EHEC or S. dysentariae)

24
Q

Only Shigella species that releases shigatoxin

A

S. dysenteriae

25
Q

Difference between dysentery and haemorrhagic colitis

A

Dysentery has blood, pus, mucus in faeces.

Haemorrhagic colitis only has blood

26
Q

Aetiological agents of cholera-like diarrhoea

A

Vibrio cholerae, ETEC

27
Q

Only serotypes of V cholerae that cause epidemic cholera

A

O1 and O139

28
Q

Aetiological causes of enteric fever

A

Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi

29
Q

Aetiological causes of enteric fever

A

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi

30
Q

Aetiological causes of enteric fever

A

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi

31
Q

ETEC virulence factors

A

CFA adhesin, enterotoxin

32
Q

EPEC virulence factors

A

Intimin and bfp adhesins, type III secretion system effectors

33
Q

EHEC virulence factors

A

Intimin and Efa adhesins, shigatoxins

34
Q

EIEC virulence factors

A

IpaC adhesin, ShET toxin

Same as Shigella (as they are pretty much Shigella)

35
Q

Symptoms of ETEC

A

Watery diarrhoea

36
Q

Epidemiology of ETEC

A

Infants in LDCs, travellers

37
Q

Symptoms of EPEC

A

Non-specific gastro

38
Q

Epidemiology of EPEC

A

Children in LDCs

39
Q

Symptoms of EIEC

A

Dysentery

40
Q

Epidemiology of EIEC

A

Any age, mainly in LDCs

41
Q

EHEC symptoms

A

Bloody diarrhoea

42
Q

EHEC epidemiology

A

Any age, developed countries

43
Q

EAEC symptoms

A

Watery diarrhoea

44
Q

Adhesive enterotoxigenic bacteria

A

ETEC

45
Q

Bacteria that are adhesive with brush border damage

A

Cholera, EPEC

46
Q

Enterobacteria that invade, restricted to mucosa

A

Shigella

47
Q

Enterobacteria that invade submucosa

A

Salmonella, Campylobacter

48
Q

Enterobacteria that invade systemically

A

Salmonella

49
Q

Enterobacteria that invade systemically

A

Salmonella

50
Q

What do ETEC adhere to?

A

Microvili

51
Q

Lesions caused by EPEC

A

Attaching-effacing lesions

52
Q

How do EPEC adhere to gut wall?
1
2

A 
Stage 1 (plasmid mediated) - Bundle-forming pili attach to intact microvili
Step 2 (chromosomal) - Late adherence, forming attaching, effacing lesions
53
Q

Only Shigella species that releases shigatoxin

A

S. dysenteriae type 1

54
Q

Pathogenicity island

A

Collection of genes that are found in a pathogen, that are involved in pathogenesis. Are chromosomally-encoded

55
Q

ETEC toxins

A

LT and ST

56
Q

Enteric Yersinia species

A

Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.

Use Invasin to invade cells.

57
Q

Can LPS be neutralised by antibodies?

A

No, because LPS acts as an enterotoxin by being recognised by the innate immune system, which still happens if LPS is bound by antibodies.

1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 (157 decks)

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