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1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 > 143 - Renal Histology > Flashcards

143 - Renal Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Ureters role

A

Connect kidneys and bladder

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2
Q

Kidney dimensions

A

11 cm x 4-5 cm x 1-2 cm

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3
Q

Where does the ureter originate?

A

At the hilum, from renal pelvis

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4
Q

Where do blood vessels and veins enter and leave the kidney?

A

At the hilum

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5
Q

Blood vessels at the boundary between the cortex and medulla

A

Arcurate vessels

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6
Q

Number of nephrons per kidney

A

0.3 to 1.5 million per kidney

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7
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

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8
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A

Renal corpuscle and tubule

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9
Q

What do tubules drain into?

A

Collecting duct

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10
Q

Layers of kidney

A

Capsule, cortex, medulla

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11
Q

*Microscopic view of cortex

A

Blood vessels, tubules, renal corpuscles

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12
Q

Location in kidney of renal corpuscles

A

In cortex

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13
Q

Location in kidney of tubules

A

Loop down into medulla from the cortex, then return

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14
Q

Where do tubules join collecting ducts?

A

In the cortex, then collecting duct drains into renal pelvis

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15
Q

Two sorts of nephron

A
  1. Juxta medullary- base of cortex with tubule that loops deep into the medulla (15%) 2. Cortical - higher in cortex, tubule loops halfway into medulla (85%)
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16
Q

*Appearance of juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons

A
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17
Q

Is there much connective tissue in the kidney?

A

No

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18
Q

What lines the interior of Bowman’s space?

A

Podocytes line capillaries. Parietal cells cover interior of Bowman’s capsule.

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19
Q

Role of mesangial cells

A

Support glomerulus, provide limited connective tissue

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20
Q

Urinary space

A

Bowman’s space

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21
Q

Vascular space

A

Lumen of glomerular capillaries

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22
Q

Filtration in the glomerulus

A

Movement of fluid, solutes from vascular space into urinary space

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23
Q

Vascular pole

A

Where capillaries enter Bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

Urinary pole

A

Where tubule drains Bowman’s space

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25
Q

Orientation of vascular pole and urinary pole

A

Always 180 degrees from one another

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26
Q

Epithelial type of Bowman’s capsule

A

Squamous parietal cells

27
Q

Epithelial type of tubule

A

Cuboidal epithelium

28
Q

Crucial point at which ultrafiltrate is formed in kidneys

A

Interdigitations between podocytes (glycocalyx and slit membranes)

29
Q

Cell type of podocytes

A

Epithelial

30
Q

Filtration barrier

A

Basal lamina plus slit membrane

31
Q

*Filtration barrier on glomerular capillaries

A
32
Q

Size of molecules that can be filtered

A

Basal lamina traps molecuels over 69kDa

33
Q

Aspects of filtration barrier 1 2 3 4

A

1) Fenestrated capillaries lack diaphragms 2) Basal lamina is very thick 3) Slit membranes have pores of around 3-5 nM 4) Basal lamina traps molecules above 69kDa

34
Q

Relative thickness of walls of proximal/distal tubules, loop of Henle

A

Proximal tubule is thick walled Loop of Henle is mainly thin walled Distal tubule is thick walled

35
Q

Role of kidney tubule 1 2 3 4

A

• Tubule modifies ultrafiltrate • Recovers water, electrolytes, glucose amino acids, proteins • Secretes creatinine, potassium, protons, ammonium, foreign molecules (eg penicillin) • Result is hyperosmotic urine, rich in urea

36
Q

Structure of proximal tubule 1 2 3 4 5

A

• Cuboidal epithelium • Abundant microvilli • Interdigitating cell boundaries • Resorb glucose, aa’s and protein • Part in cortex is proximal convoluted tubule

37
Q

Ion movement across epithelial cells of proximal tubule 1 2 3 4 5

A

• Basal membrane folded with many Na+K+ATPases • Na+K+ATPases pump Na+ across cell • Cl- and H2O follow • Na+, Cl- and H2O passively move across apical membrane • Energy hungry - ATP

38
Q

Which limb of loop of Henle is more water-permeable?

A

Descending limb more permeable to water

39
Q

What are walls of loop of Henle permeable to?

A

Urea, electrolytes

40
Q

Cell type in thin limbs of loop of Henle

A

Squamous

41
Q

Cell type in distal tubule

A

Cuboidal

42
Q

Features of distal tubule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A

• Part in cortex is distal convoluted tubule • Cells are cuboidal, lack microvilli • Larger lumens • Have infoldings of basal membrane, more mitochondria than proximal tubules • Impermeable to water and urea but have Cl- and Na+ pumps • Ion pumps make extracellular space hyperosmotic • Blood vessels sweep away recovered water and salts

43
Q

Aspects of collecting duct 1 2 3 4

A

• Large lumen, cuboidal cells • Normally impermeable to water and urea • Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) makes them permeable to water • Empty into renal pelvis

44
Q

When can collecting duct become permeable to water?

A

When dehydrated. Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) makes walls permeable to water

45
Q

Nephrons that can make urine more concentrated than blood

A

Juxtaglomerular nephrons (not cortical)

46
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons essential for?

A

Hyperosmotic urine

47
Q

Role of juxtaglomerular apparatus 1 2 3

A

• Macula densa is specialised cells of distal tubule wall • Monitor filtrate volume and Na+ concentration • Cause juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

48
Q

Effect of renin

A

Acts on angiotensinogen, makes it into angiotensin I, then into angiotensin II

49
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells cell type

A

Modified smooth muscle cells

50
Q

Juxtaglomerular cell role 1 2

A

• Release renin (enzyme) • Renin converts angiotensinogen (inactive) into angiotensin I, which is converted by other enzymes into angiotensin II, a potent vasoactive hormone

51
Q

Role of extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

Unknown

52
Q

Location of vasa recta 1 2

A

• Capillaries from efferent arteriole envelope tubule – form vasa recta • Form hairpin loops in medulla among loops of Henle

53
Q

Role of vasa recta

A

Crucial in concentrating urine

54
Q

Organisation of the medulla 1 2 3 4

A

• Medulla consists of: • Thin and thick walled loops of Henle • Collecting ducts • Capillaries of vasa recta

55
Q

Epithelial type of ureters

A

Lined with transitional epithelium

56
Q

Wall of ureters. 1 2 3

A

• Lined with transitional epithelium • Distinct lamina propria • Thick muscularis of smooth muscle

57
Q

Role of muscularis propria in ureters

A

Smooth muscle contracts in peristaltic waves to force urine into bladder

58
Q

Role of thick lamina propria in ureters

A

Prevents escape of urine from ureters

59
Q

Epithelial lining of bladder

A

Transitional epithelium

60
Q

Nervous system controlling bladder

A

Autonomic nervous system

61
Q

Epithelial type of urethra

A

Transitional epithelium and stratified squamous epithelium

62
Q

Part of body that acts as sphincter in urethra

A

Where urethra penetrates pelvic floor

63
Q

Things complicating male urethra

A

Male urethra also penetrates prostate gland and has a variety of glands, as well as the ejaculatory ducts, emptying into it

1Principles of Biomedicine - MD1 (157 decks)

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