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Nursing - Bloomberg > 370: Immune pathophysiology > Flashcards

370: Immune pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

1st Line of Defense

A

Physical, Mechanical and Biochemical Barriers

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2
Q

2nd Line of Defense

A

The inflammatory response

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3
Q

3rd line of Defense

A

Adaptive immunity

  1. Cell-mediated immunity
  2. Humoral immunity
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4
Q

Physical and mechanical barriers such as skin, low temperature, mucus membranes, mechanical cleansing, and cilia.

A

1st line of Defense

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5
Q

What are the 2 biochemical barriers?

A
  1. Epithelial-Derived Chemicals (cathelicidins, defensins, and collectins)
  2. Bacteria-Derived Chemicals
    (Normal bacterial flora)
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6
Q

What are 3 main Epithelial-Derived Chemicals or antimicrobial peptides?

A
  1. Cathelicidins
  2. Defensins
  3. Collectins
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7
Q

What is the normal bacterial flora in the vagina?

A

Lactobacillus

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8
Q

What is the normal bacterial flora of the skin?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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9
Q

Why does a 3rd Degree burn increase risk for bacterial invasion?

A

1st line of Defense is removed (skin and anti-microbial)

Jump into the 2nd/inflammatory response

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10
Q

The inflammatory response

A

2nd Line of Defense

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11
Q

What are the properties of 2nd Line of Defense?

A
  • inflammatory response
  • non-specific
  • intensity depends on severity of injury
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12
Q

What are the two responses of the 2nd Line of Defense ?

A
  1. Vascular Response

2. Cellular Response

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13
Q

What causes the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Infection
  2. mechanical damage
  3. ischemia
  4. nutrient deprivation
  5. temperature extremes
  6. Radiation
    Etc
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14
Q

What are the goals of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Neutralizes/diluted the inflammatory agent
  2. Remove necrotic material
  3. Establish environment for healing
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15
Q

What causes Redness in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A

Hyperaemia from vasodilation

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16
Q

What causes Heat in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A

Increased metabolism at inflammatory site

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17
Q

What causes Pain & tenderness in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A
  1. Change in pH
  2. Nerve stimulation by chemical mediators
  3. Increased fluid
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18
Q

What causes Edema in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A
  1. Fluid shift

2. Accumulation of fluid exudate

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19
Q

What causes loss of function in the 2nd Line of Defense?

A

Swelling and pain

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20
Q

Why does ph decrease due to cell damage?

A

Released potassium

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21
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of leukocytes in response to chemical signal from area of injury

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22
Q

Margination

A

Free flowing leukocytes initiate close mechanical contact

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23
Q

Diapedesis

A

Movement of leukocyte to area of damage

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24
Q

Neutrophils

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. First to arrive
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Within 6 hours, only live for 24-48 hrs
25
When are BANDS released by bone marrow?
1. When demand of neutrophils is high Also known as Left shift
26
Which leukocytes are involved in the 2nd Line of Defense?
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes (Nice Monkeys Eat Bananas)
27
What is the order of leukocytes from greatest to least quantity?
``` Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eusinophils Basophils ``` (Nobody Likes Me Emotional Breakdowns)
28
What is a chemical mediator?
Any messenger that acts on BVs, inflammatory cells or other cells to contribute to any inflammatory response. Also involved in 2nd Line of Defense
29
What is Histamine ?
Stored in granules of basophils, last cells, platelets
30
Mechanism of action of histamine
Causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
31
What are Kinins?
Arise from polypeptides that circulate in the blood in inactive form, Kininogens
32
What are the anaphylatoxic agents generated from complement pathway activation?
Complement components (C3a, C4a, C5a)
33
Mechanism of action of Complement components (C3a, C4a, C5a)
1. Stimulate histamine release | 2. Stimulate chemotaxis
34
What are Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes?
Produced from arachidonic acid. Contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain and fever, leukotriene B4 stimulates chemotaxis
35
What are cytokines?
Secreted by various cells Effects vary
36
The characteristic vascular change at the site of an injury produce:
Increased permeability and leakage
37
3rd Line of defense
1. Adaptive immunity 2. Specific response, occurs more slowly than inflammatory response 3. Can be induced by vaccination
38
A molecule that can react with antibodies or receptors on B and T cells
Antigen
39
An antigen that can trigger an immune response
Immunogenic antigen
40
The ability of a particular substance to provoke an immune response
Immunogenicity
41
Protein made specifically against an antigen
Antibody
42
What are the 2 forms of of adaptive immune system or 3rd line of defense?
1. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity | 2. Cell-mediated immunity
43
What are the 3 Antibody functions?
``` Direct: 1. Neutralization 2. Agglutination Indirect 3. Opsonization ```
44
Antibody neutralization
Block binding or inactive antigen to receptor on receptor cell
45
Agglutination
Link microns together | Clumped antigen then filtered out by blood, lymph, or phagocytosis more easily
46
Opsonization
Marking for ingestion by phagocytes. | Antibodies bind to cell membrane of pathogen.
47
Antibody titres
Blood test for amoun of antibodies. | Determines if patient is vaccinated and correlated to strength of immune response.
48
IgG
1. Most prevalent 2. Most of protective activity against infection 3. Crosses the placenta
49
IgA
1. Mostly in secretions | 2. Most of protective activity in bonds secretions
50
IgE
1. Most rare 2. Mediator of many common allergic responses 3. Defends against parasitic infections
51
IgD
1. Not well known | 2. Functions as one type of B-cell antigen receptor
52
IgM
1. Largest | 2. First antibody produced during the initial, or primary, response to an antigen
53
Which antibody is most prevalent in the body?
IgG
54
Which antibody is most rare in the body?
IgE
55
Which antibody is most protective against infection and crosses the blood brain barrier?
IgG
56
Which antibody is mediator for allergic responses and defends parasitic infections?
IgE
57
Latent phase of primary immune response
B-cell differentiation
58
Which antibody is found in saliva and other body secretions?
IgA

Nursing - Bloomberg (52 decks)

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