Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Nursing - Bloomberg > đź‘Ľ373: Pediatrics > Flashcards

đź‘Ľ373: Pediatrics Flashcards

(120 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are normal vitals for Newborn - 3 month olds?

A

HR: 100-150
RR: 35 - 55
BP: (65-85)/(45-55)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are normal vitals for 3 months to 1 year old?

A

HR: 80 - 120
RR: 25 - 45
BP: (70-100)/(50-65)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the normal vitals for 1-3 year olds?

A

HR: 70-100
RR: 20-30
BP: (90-105)/(55-70)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are normal vitals for 3-6 year olds?

A

HR: 65-100
RR: 20-25
BP: (95-110)/(60-75)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are normal vitals for 6-12 year olds?

A

HR: 60-95
RR: 14-22
BP: (100-120)/(60-75)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are normal vitals for 12+ year olds?

A

HR: 55-85
RR: 12-18
BP: (110-135)/(65-85)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general pattern of growth in weight?

A

6 months: birth weight x2
1 year: birth weight x3
2.5 years: birth weight x4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 directional trends of physical development?

A
  1. Cephalocaudal
  2. Proximodistal
  3. Differentiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the general pattern of growth in length?

A 
1 yr: birth weight x1.5
2 yrs: half adult height 
4 yrs: birth length x2
4 - height cm = weight lbs (40,40) 
13 yrs: birth weight x3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the general pattern of growth in dentition?

A

Erupt by 6 months

1 yr: 6-8 teeth, molars
2 yr: molars
3 yr: 20 baby teeth
6 yr: baby teeth fall out, adult teeth come in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are major developmental milestones at 3 months?

A
  1. Eyes focus
  2. Hold head up
  3. Palmar grasp
  4. “Upward dog”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are major developmental milestones at 4-5 months?

A
  1. Roll front to back

- another month for back to front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are major developmental milestones at 6 months?

A
  1. Transfer objects from one hand to other
  2. Sit supported (unsupported 7-8 months)
  3. Support weight on legs
  4. Babbling one syllable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are major developmental milestones at 8 months?

A

Pinser grasp- can pick things up!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the average age babies start to crawl?

A

10 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the average age children start to walk?

A

13 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are major developmental milestones at 10 months?

A
  1. Pull themselves up
  2. Can cruise standing
  3. Vocalize one words (“muma”, “dada”)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are major developmental milestones at 1-3 years?

A
  1. Vocabulary increases
    18 months = 10+ words
  2. Can hold a crayon at 1 yr
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are major developmental milestones at 2-3 years?

A
  1. Draw shapes
  2. 2-footed jump
  3. Turn pages of a book

300+ words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are major developmental milestones at 4-5 years?

A
  1. Scissors
  2. Stairs independently
  3. Can write their name
  4. Hop on 1 foot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory?

A

Describes core problems/conflicts that the individual strives to master in personality development

  • No core conflict ever mastered, but remains a current problem throughout life

8 stages - 5 in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the first 5 of Erikson’s Stages that relate to childhood?

A
  1. Trust vs Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
  3. Initiative vs Guilt
  4. Industry vs Inferiority
  5. Identity vs Role Confusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Erikson’s 1st stage, and when does it occur?

A

Trust vs Mistrust

Birth - 1 year

  • nurture attachment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Erikson’s 2nd stage, and when does it occur?

A

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

1-3 years

  • nurture choices and independence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the Erikson’s 3rd stage, and when does it occur?
Initiative vs Guilt Preschool (3-6 years) - engage in play - goal-directed
26
What is the Erikson’s 4th stage, and when does it occur?
Industry vs Inferiority School age (6 - 12) - eager to develop skills and knowledge
27
What is the Erikson’s 5th stage, and when does it occur?
Identity vs Role Confusion Adolescent (13-18 years) - identity, peer pressure, appearances - give privacy
28
What are the Piaget’s 4 Stages?
1. Sensorimotor (birth - 2) 2. Preoperational (2-7 years) 3. Concrete operations (7-11 years) 4. Formal operations (11 - adulthood)
29
What are the sleep patterns for newborns?
16 hours, for 3-4 hours at a time
30
What are the sleeping patterns of infants?
2-6 months: 14-16 hours (3 naps) | 6-18 months: 14 hours (2 naps)
31
What are the sleeping patterns of toddlers?
10-12 hours/day (1 nap)
32
What are the sleeping patterns of preschoolers?
12 hours/night
33
What are the sleeping patterns of school-aged children?
10-12 hours/night
34
What are signs and symptoms of salicylate (ASA) overdose?
``` Hyperventilation Diaphoresis N/v Tinnitus Dizziness Confusion Seizures Bleeding ```
35
What is the treatment for salicylate (ASA) overdose?
1. Activated charcoal 2. Gastric lavage 3. Sodium bicarbonate 4. Vit K 5. Anticonvulsants
36
What are signs and symptoms of acetaminophen overdose?
``` Diaphoresis Abdominal pain Lethargy Weakness N/v ``` (Don’t Allow Little Weaklings Near Vomit)
37
What is the treatment for acetaminophen overdose?
1. Gastric lavage | 2. Acetylcysteine (mucomyst)
38
What are signs and symptoms of lead poisoning?
``` Unexplained vomiting Chronic abdominal pain Anemia Drowsiness, irritability Ataxia Seizures Brain damage ```
39
What is the treatment for lead poisoning?
Chelation therapy
40
What are signs and symptoms of iron poisoning?
``` Vomiting blood Blood in stool Hypotension Tachypnea Cyanosis ```
41
What is the treatment for iron overdose?
1. Gastric lavage | 2. Chelation therapy
42
What are signs and symptoms of corrosives/chemicals ingestion?
Severe respiratory issues
43
What is the treatment for corrosives/chemical ingestion?
1. Dilute with water 2. Oxygen 3. Maintain airway
44
What are the 3 stages of separation anxiety?
1. Protest 2. Despair 3. Detachment/denial
45
What are stressors of hospitalization for children?
1. Separation anxiety 2. Loss of control 3. Fear of bodily injury/pain
46
What are 7 functions of play?
1. Sensorimotor development 2. Intellectual development 3. Socialization 4. Creativity 5. Self-Awareness 6. Therapeutic Value (emotional outlet) 7. Moral Value
47
What are the 4 types therapeutic play?
1. Normative Play 2. Emotional Outlet Play 3. Instructional Play 4. Physically Enhancing Play
48
What is the normal potassium range?
4.1 - 5.3
49
What are fluid issues in the paediatric population?
1. Body Surface Area 2. Basal metabolic Rate 3. Kidney function 4. Fluid Requirements
50
What is isotonic dehydration?
Sodium loss = water loss | Normal serum sodium levels
51
What are 3 common causes if isotonic dehydration?
1. Fluid loss 2. Reduced fluid intake 3. Fluid shift out of vasculature (3rd spacing)
52
What is hypotonic dehydration?
Sodium loss > water loss Serum sodium < 130 mmol/L
53
What are 2 common causes if hypotonic dehydration?
1. Excessive sodium loss | 2. Increased water gain
54
What are specific signs and symptoms of hypotonic dehydration?
Lethargy, confusion, headache, seizures, coma
55
What is hypertonic dehydration?
Sodium loss < water loss Serum sodium > 150 mmol/L
56
What are 2 common causes of hypertonic dehydration?
1. Excessive free water loss | 2. Sodium excess
57
What are specific signs and symptoms of hypertonic dehydration?
Agitation, restlessness, hyperirritability, decreased LOC, seizures, coma
58
How do you calculate fluid volume deficit?
Weight x %Dehydration
59
Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
Preferred treatment for mild to moderate dehydration Takes advantage of co-transport system of upper intestines. Glucose couples with sodium and both are absorbed in the intestinal membrane, and then water follows.
60
Hypoxia vs hypoxemia
``` Hypoxia = low oxygen in the tissues Hypoxemia = low oxygen in the blood ```
61
What are 3 causes of anemia?
1. Impaired erythrocyte production 2. Blood loss 3. Increased erythrocyte destruction
62
What is the hallmark sign of anemia?
Tissue hypoxia
63
What are causes of impaired erythrocyte production?
1. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) 2. B12 deficiency anemia (large RBCs) 3. Folate deficiency (large RBCs) 4. Thalassemia 5. Leukaemia or malignancy infiltrating bone marrow
64
Why is iron important in children?
1. Necessary for oxygen binding to Hg 2. Chronic hypoxia 3. IDA impairs immune fxn 4. Iron involved in myelin and dopamine synthesis
65
What are important considerations with iron supplementation?
1. Vitamin C increases absorption | 2. Calcium reduces absorption (no milk 2 hours before/after)
66
When should iron supplementation start?
2 months until 12 months
67
What is Beta Thalassemia?
1. Autosomal recessive disorder 2. Hgb A forms smaller and abnormal rate Treatment: frequent blood transfusion and iron chelation, Splenectomy in some cases
68
What are 4 causes of increased erythrocyte destruction?
1. Sickle Cell Disease 2. ABO Incompatibility 3. G6PD Deficiency 4. Infection
69
Sickle Cell Disease
Hemoglobin S - rigid and sticky cells, stick to walls of vessels RBC lifespan only 10-20 days (Normal= 100-120, infants 80-90)
70
What are differences in the Pediatric Respiratory System?
1. Upper airway shorter and more narrow 2. Newborns - 3 months Obligatory nose breathers 3. Larynx is more flexible and easily simulated to spasm 4. Intercostals not fully developed 5. High, irregular RR 6. Higher metabolic rate 7. Fewer alveoli 8. Right bronchus enters lung at steeper angle 9. Cartilage surrounding trachea more flexible 10. Eustachian tubes shorter and horizontal 11. Tonsils and lymphoid tissue larger 12. Decreased immune fxn
71
What are causes of Respiratory Distress in children?
1. Infection 2. Asthma 3. Trauma 4. Inability to clear secretions 5. Foreign body aspiration 6. Sedation
72
What are early signs of respiratory distress?
1. Tachypnea 2. Hyperpnea 3. Tachycardia 4. Restlessness/irritability
73
What are LATE signs of respiratory distress?
1. Nasal flaring 2. Retractions/indrawing 3. Trach Tug 4. Head bobbing 5. Abdominal breathing 6. Grunting 7. Stridor 8. Pallor/mottling/cyanosis
74
What are reasons for code Blue/Pink in Pediatrics?
1. Hypoxemia 2. Acidosis 3. Respiratory Deterioration 4. Cardiac Deterioration
75
What are nursing interventions to ease respiratory effort?
1. Positioning (high Fowler’s) 2. Suctioning 3. Oxygen 4. Humidity 5. Medications
76
What is the emergency equipment for tracheostomy?
1. 2 spare trachs (one same size, one smaller) 2. ETT (one same size, one smaller) 3. Suctioning equipment 4. Spare trach ties 5. Lubricating jelly 6. Bag-valve mask
77
What is the pathophysiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Causes overproduction of IgE | - Results in airway obstruction
78
What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?
- invading organism enters lungs - Inflammation of lung parenchyma - Accumulation of fluid and cellular debris in bronchioles and alveoli - Impaired has exchange
79
What are the 3 dimensions of pain?
1. Cognitive (awareness of pain) 2. Affective (behavioural responses) 3. Sensory (neurons and pain intensity)
80
What are the different self-reported measurements for pain?
1. Facial Scales (ages 3-12) 2. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (6-7+) 3. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) (6-7+) 4. Verbal Descriptor Scales (VDS) (4-5+)
81
What is the FLACC pain score?
1. Face 2. Legs 3. Activity 4. Cry 5. Consolability
82
What is the PIPP pain Scale?
For newborns 1. Change in HR 2. Oxygen Sat % 3. Brow bulge 4. Eye squeeze 5. Naso-labial furrow 6. Gestational Age 7. Behavioural state (awake/active/asleep/quiet)
83
What is the difference between tolerance and dependence?
Tolerance = dec in drugs effect over time Dependence = need to co ti he drug to maintain homeostasis and prevent withdrawal
84
When would 24% sucrose be contraindicated?
1. Short bowel Syndrome 2. Carbohydrate intolerance 3. Unconscious or heavily sedated with absent gag reflex
85
What are the 6 situational factors modifying pain?
1. Cognitive factors (ability to understand, coping mechanisms, perceived control) 2. Behavioural factors (responses, distress, expression of pain) 3. Emotional factors (fear, depression, anxiety) 4. Tissue damage/ pain source 5. Chil factors (age, experience, etc) 6. Pain sensation
86
What are the types of ADHD?
1. Hyperactive-impulsive 2. Inattentive 3. Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive (majority)
87
What are the different types of eating disorders?
1. Anorexia nervosa (AN) 2. Bulimia nervosa 3. Binge eating disorder 4. Avoidant/Restrictive Food intake Disorder (ARFID)
88
What is CRAFFT a screening tool for?
2 positives suggests substance abuse ``` C - ridden in car driven by someone under the influence R - use alcohol/drugs to relax A - use while Alone F - forget things while using? F - family/friends tell you to cut down T - gotten into Trouble while using ```
89
What is the primary nursing diagnosis for shock?
Inadequate tissue perfusion
90
What are the 3 causes of inadequate tissue perfusion?
1. Heart function 2. Vascular tone 3. Blood volume
91
What are the 3 types of shock?
1. Hypovolemic 2. Distributive (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic) 3. Cardiogenic
92
What is the most common form of shock in pediatrics?
Hypovolemic Shock
93
What are the main causes of hypovolemic shock?
Fluid loss: 1. Blood loss (trauma, postop, hemorrhage) 2. Plasma loss (sepsis, burns, 3rd spacing) 3. Extra cellular fluid loss (dehydration)
94
What are signs and symptoms of Hypovolemic shock?
``` High SVR, high HR Falling BP Increased cap refill poor skin turgor, thirst, Oliguria ```
95
What are the 3 types of Distributive shock?
1. Septic shock 2. Anaphylactic shock 3. Neurogenic Shock Intravascular Volume remains normal, but fxnal or relative hypovolemia occurs
96
What are the 3 primary symptoms of Distributive Shock?
1. Vasodilation 2. Dec vascular tone 3. Dec cardiac output
97
What is the mechanism of septic shock?
Massive inflammatory response -> vasodilation and damage to the capillaries = Permeability of capillaries is increased and results in 3 spacing
98
What are signs and symptoms of septic shock?
``` Low BP, low SVR Tachycardia Temperature instability Tachypnea Increased cap refill Altered WBC N/v/diarrhea Decreased LOC ```
99
What is the mechanism of anaphylactic shock?
Allergic reaction + hemodynamics instability = vasodilation and increased vascular permeability = constriction if extravascular smooth muscle
100
What are signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
``` Anxiety Difficulty breathing Dec SVR Hypotension Tachycardia Oliguria GI cramps Edema Hives Sensations of burning/itchiness Decreased LOC ```
101
What is the mechanism of neurogenic shock ?
Extreme persistent vasodilation = increased SVR Due to parasympathetic stimulation OR sympathetic inhibition
102
What are the signs and symptoms of neurogenic shock?
``` Low SVR Bradycardia Warm skin temperature Flushed skin Hypotension ```
103
What is the mechanism of cardiogenic shock?
*Final pathway for any other type of shock | Heart is unable to pup enough blood to meet body’s demand for oxygen
104
What are signs and symptoms for cardiogenic shock?
``` Tachycardia Tachypnea Hypotension Jugular vein distension Low CO Cyanosis, Skin mottling Rapid/faint/irregular pulses Low urine output Peripheral edema (occasionally) ```
105
What are the 3 phases of shock?
1. Compensated 2. Decompensated 3. Irreversible
106
What are the 4 mechanisms of compensated shock?
1. Increased HR and contractility improves CO 2. Blood flow increased to essential organs 3. Plasma volume increased by retention of sodium and water 4. Glyconeogenesis increases energy for cell metabolism
107
What are clinical manifestations of compensated shock?
``` Anxiety, restlessness Pallor Dec peripheral skin temp Increased cap refill time Slight increase in HR Normal BP (progressively decreases) Thirst Decreased u/o ```
108
What clinical manifestations of Decompensated shock?
Hypotension Metabolic acidosis Core organs significantly compromised
109
What are the 3 major nursing interventions for shock?
1. Ventilation 2. Fluid administration 3. Improvement of pumping action of heart (meds)
110
What is decorticate posturing indicate?
Flexor posturing = problems with Cervical Spinal Tract or Cerebral Hemisphere
111
What does decerebrate posturing indicate?
Extensor posturing = problems with Midbrain or Pons
112
What is the Rancho Los Amigos Scale?
For children with existing neurological impairment ``` 1 = no responde 2 = generalized response 3 = localized response 4 = confused-agitator response 5 = confused-inappropriate response 6 = confused-appropriate response 7 = automatic-appropriate response 8 = purposeful-appropriate response ```
113
What are signs and symptoms of Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) in infants?
``` Bulging fontanels Separated cranial sutures Macewen sign Irritability/restlessness Drowsiness High-pitched cry Increased head circumference Distended scalp veins Poor feeding Setting-sun sign ```
114
What are the components of the palliative Supportive Care Model?
1. Preserving integrity 2. Connecting 3. Doing For 4. Doing With 5. Empowering 6. Finding Meaning 7. Valuing
115
How do you calculate Hourly Fluid Maintenance requirements?
(4,2,1) 4mL/kg x first 10kg + 2mL/kg x second 10kg + 1mL/kg x each kg>20kg
116
How do you calculate DAILY Maintenance Fluid requirements?
100mL/kg x first 10kg + 50mL/kg x second 10kg + 20mL/kg x each kg>20kg
117
What are signs and symptoms of RSV?
``` Fever Severe cough (dry) Wheezing Rapid breathing Cyanosis Headache Lethargy/irritability ```
118
What’s are signs and symptoms of Epiglottitis in children?
``` Stridor Sore throat Anxious/restless Drooling Difficulty/pain swallowing ``` Relieved by sitting up or leaning forward
119
What are signs and symptoms of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?
``` Bleeding from gums Bone pain Fever Neutropenia (frequent infections) Swollen lymph nodes Pallor Shortness of Breath Fatigue, weakness ```
120
What are signs and symptoms of a vaso-occlusive episode in a child with Sickle Cell Disease?
Jaundice Fatigue Edema in hands and feet

Nursing - Bloomberg (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions