Important MNEMONICS Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Menmoic for X-linked disorder?
AND what each letter stands for?
A
Oblivious Females Will Give Her Boys x-Linked Disorders
Ocular albinism Fabry disease Fragile X syndrome Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome G6PD Hunter disease Hemophilia A+B Bruton agammaglobulinemia Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne muscle dystrophy
2
Q
Drugs that cause gynecomastia?
A
“Some Drugs Cause Awesome Knockers”
Spironolactone Digitoxin Cimetidine Alcohol Ketoconazole
+ marijuana (THC) and estrogens
3
Q
Encapsulated bugs
A
“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies”
E.coli (some strains) Strep pneumoniae/ Strep pyrogenes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neiseria meningitidis Klebsiella pneumoniae Haemophilus influenza type B Salmonella typhi group B Streptococcus
4
Q
3 main bugs (bacteria) known for causing sepsis and death in asplenic patients ?
What is their common virulence factor?
A
“SHiN”
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus Influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
IgA protease – cleaves IgA in order to colonize respiratory mucosa
5
Q
Bacteria that will not stain well
A
“These Microbes May Lack Real Color”
- Treponema (too thin)
- Mycobacteria ( mycolic acids+ high lipid content)
- Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
- Legionella pneumophilia ( primarily intracellular and unusual branched chain fatty acids)
- Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
Chlamydia (Intracellular paraside ; backs classic peptidoglycan because of low muramic acid)
6
Q
Mnemonic for bacteria that cephalosporins cannot cover:
A
LAME
Listeria
Atypicals ( Mycoplasms, chlamydia)
MRSA (S. aureus)
Enterococci
7
Q
Kubler-Ross stages of grief:
A
Death Always Brings Great Acceptance
Deny Anger Barganing Grief Acceptance
8
Q
Antibiotics that are Protein Synthesis inhibitors
A
“Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50”
30s: Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
*both block initiation of protein synthesis by not allowing initiator tRNA to bind to ribosome
50S:
- Chloramphenicol—| peptidyltransferase
- Clindamycin —-| translocation
- Erythromycin, marcrolides —| translocation (via 23S on 50S)
- Lincomycin —| translocation
- Linezolid —| initiation
- Streptogramins —| translocation(bind to 23S on 50)
9
Q
Bacteria that tetracyclines can treat
A
VACUUM THe BedRoom
Vibrio cholera Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma Urealyticum Mycoplasma pneumoniae Tularemia H. pylori Borrelia Burgdorferi Rickettsia Rickettssi
10
Q
What are the clinical uses for macrolides?
A
“PUS”
- pneumonia (atypical)
- -mycoplasma
- Chlamydophila
- Legionella
- URI
- Strep pneumo
- Strep pyrogenes
STD
- Chlamydia - gonorrhea
11
Q
What is the mneumonic for drugs that cause photosensitivity?
A
“SAT” for photo
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Tetracyclines
12
Q
What is the mnemonic for bacteria Amoxicillin and Ampiciillin help with?
A
HHELPSS
H. influenza H. pylori E.coli Listeria monocytogenes Proteus mirabilis Salmonella Shigella
13
Q
Hypertensive drugs used in pregnant mothers?
A
“Hypertensive Mothers Love Nifedipine”
Hydralazine
Methyldopa
Labetalol
Nifedipine
14
Q
Antibiotics to Avoid in pregnancy
A
FA page 195
SAFe Children Take Really Good Care of Minnie
Sulfanomide Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones Clarithromycin Tetracyclins Ribavirin Griseofluvin Chloramphenicol Metronidazole ( 1st trimester)
15
Q
Who are the segmented virus and discuss a unique viral genetic feature they can do:
A
BOAR
Bunyavirus – Hanta Virus, Californa Encephalitis, Rift Valley fever
Orthomyxovirus – H. influenza
Arenavirus
Reovirus (11 segments) – Rotavirus and Colorado Tick virus
They can undergo recombination
16
Q
Mnemonic for things that are treated with Metronidazole
A
“GET GAP on the Metro!”
Giardia Entamoeba Trichomonas Gardnerella vaginalis Anaerobic bacteria (C. difficile) Pylori ( H. pylori)
17
Q
Mnemonic for remembering the different types of Hypersensitivity reactions?
A
“ACID”
Anaphylactic and Atopic (Type 1)
Cytotoxic (antibody mediated)
Immune complex (type III)
Delayed/ cell mediated (type 4)
FA 2015 211
18
Q
Mnemonic for cytokines at their actions
A
“Hot T-Bone stEAk”
IL-1 –fever (hot)
IL-2–T cells
IL-3– stimulates Bone marrow
IL-4– stimulates IgE production (and IgG)
IL-5– Stimulates IgA production (+ eosinophils)
IL-6— stimulates aKute-phase protein production
19
Q
mnemonic for catalase positive organism that are probably going to infect someone with chronic granulomatous disease
A
- defect in NAPDH oxidase
“Need PLACESS”
-Nocardia Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E.coli Staph Aureus Serratia
20
Q
Mnemonic for retroperitoneal structures
A
“SAD PUCKER”
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands Aorta and IVC Duodenum (2nd-4th parts) Pancreas (except the tail) Ureters Colon (ascending an descending) Kidneys Esophagus (thoracic portion) Rectum (partially)
21
Q
Mnemonic for obligate aerobic organisms
A
Nagging Pets Must Breath
- Nocardia
- Pseudamonas aerginosa
- MycoBacterium Tuberculosis (reactivating)
- Bacillus
22
Q
Mnemonic for the triad seen in Whipple’s disease
A
“Foamy Whipped crease in a CAN”
-Foamy macrophages in lamina propria Triad: -Cardiac symptoms -Arthralgias -Neurologic symptoms
Along with the malabsorption symptoms (steatorrhea, diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, vitamin and mineral deficiencies)
23
Q
Mnemonic for the cause of small bowel obstruction
A
“ABC”
A- adhensions
B- buldge/herniations –> ischemia
C- cancer/tumor
gallstone ileus
bezoar – cellular material that obstructs small bowel bc not well digested
24
Q
What is the mnemonic for the treatment of TB?
A
“RIPE”
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
25
Mnemonic for the causes of acute pancreatits
"GET SMASHED"
```
Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune
Scorpion sting
Hypercalcemia/ hypertriglyceridemia
ERPC
Drugs (sulfa, NRITs, protease inhibitors)
```
26
Mnemonic for clinical features seen with Gonococcal arthritis
"Gonorrhea is an STD"
Synovitis (of the knee)
Tenosynovitis (usually of the hand)
Dermatitis (in the form of pustules)
27
what is the classical triad of symptoms in multiple sclerosis
"SIN" -- Charcot's Neurological Triad
Scanning speech
Intension tremor
Nystagmus
but also bowel/bladder incontinence, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and optic neuritis
28
Mnemonic for structures that cross the diaphragm?
"I ate ten eggs at twelve"
T8- IVC
T10 - Esophagus, Vagus nerve
T12 - Aorta, Azygous vein, Thoracic duct
29
Mnemonic for the relation of pulmonary artery to bronchus at each lung hilum:
RALS
Right Angerior
Left Superior
30
Mnemonic for the differential diagnosis for eosinophilia
'DNAAACP"
- Drugs
- Neoplasms
- Atopic diseases ( allergy, asthma, Churg-Strauss)
- Addison's disease
- Acute interstitial disease
- Collagen vascular disease
- Parasites (Ascaris Lumbricoides, Strongyloides, stercoralis, various hookworms)
31
Mnemonic for Sarcoidosis
" A GRUELING Disease"
```
ACE increase
Granulomas
Rhematoid Arthritis
Uveitis
Erythema nodosum (tibial)
Lymphadenopathy ( bilateral, hilar)
Idiopathic
Noncaseating granuloma
Gammaglobulinemia
Vitamin D increase -- increase in calcium (serum)
```
Gammaglobulinemia: increase in gamma globulin in the blood stream?
32
S sounding mneumonic for two types of lung cancer:
```
Small Cell ( ATCH, ADH, Lambert-Eaton syndrome)
Squamous (PTHrp)
Central
Smoking
Secreting
```
33
mnemonic for symptoms seen in Carcinoid syndrome
B- FDR
```
Bronchospasm and wheezing
Flushing
Diarrhea
Right-sided heart lesions
- valve lesions
- heart murmur
```
34
Mnemonic for causes of Restrictive/Infiltrative cardiomyopathy
"LEASH"
```
Loffler syndrome
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Hemochromatosis
```
FA 296
35
Mnemonic for culture negative endocarditis:
"HACEK"
```
Haemophilus
Actinobacillus
Cardiobacterium,
Eikenella
Kingella
```
Most likely --> Coxiella brunette, Bartonella
36
Mnemonic for symptoms seen with infectious endocarditis:
"FROM JANE"
Fever
Roth spots (retina -white lesions)
Osler nodes (painful raised lesions on finger& toe pads)
Mitral valve
Janeway lesions (painless red lesions on palms or soles)
Anemia
Nail-bed hemorrhage
Emboli
37
Mnemonic for symptoms of Rheumatic Fever
"JONES"
```
migrating polyarthritis
Pancarditis
Subcutaneous nodules
Erythema marginadum
syndell chorea
```
38
Mnemonic for symptoms seen with Kawasaki disease
CRASH and burn
- Conjunctivitis
- Rash (trunk)
- Adenopathy (cervical -- recall this is a mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
- Strawberry tongue (+ oral mucositis-- inflammation of lips)
- Hands and feet changes (edema, erythmia)
burn = FEVER (last at least 5 days)
39
Mnemonic for the Right to Left shunts (congenital heart disease)
"5 T's"
```
Truncus Arteriosis
Transposition of great vessels
Tricuspid atresia
Tetralogy of fallot
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous return (TAPVR)
```
Early cyanosis -- blue babies
40
What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
ABCCCD
```
Alcohol abuse
wet Beriberi (thiamin B1 deficiency)
Coxsackie B virus
Chronic Cocaine use
Chugs disease
Doxorubicin + Daunorubicin toxicity
```
hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis
FA 296
41
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome clinical presentation
HGPRT (enzyme that is missing)
```
Hyperuricemia
Gout
Pissed off (aggression, self-mutulation)
Retardation (intellectual disability)
dysTonia
```
Tx. allopurinol or febuxostat (2nd line)
42
Mnemonic for drugs that act on microtubules
"Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly"
Mebendazole (antihelminthic)
Griseoful.vin ( antifungal) -- ring worm
Colchicine (anti-gout)
Vincristine/Vinblastine (anticancer)-- block polymerization
Paclitaxel/ Docetaxel (anticancer) -- stabilize
43
Mnemoic for the cofactors of pyruvate dehydrogenase
"TLC For Nobody"
```
Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1 thiamine, TPP)
Lipoid Acid
Co-enzyme A (B5, pantothenic acid)
FAD (B2, riboflavin)
NAD (B3, Niacin)
```
44
Which other enzyme has a mnemonic of " TLC for nobody"
alpha- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
and
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
and alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase ( maple syrup -- can't degrade branched amino acids)
45
Mnemonic for symptoms seen with Kwashorkor
"FLAME"
Fatty liver disease
Anemia
Malnutrition (proteins)
Edema
Skin lesions and hair and skin depigmentation
46
Mnemonic for essential amino acids
"Private (PVT) TIM HaLL"
Phenylalanine
Valine
THreonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lysine
47
What are the diagnostic requirements for a manic episode?
"Manics DIG FAST"
- Distractibility
- Irresopnsibility (seeks pleasure without regard to consequences)
- Grandiosity -- inflated self-esteem
- Flight of ideas
- increase goal directed Activity/ psychomotor Agitation
- Decrease need for sleep
- Talkativeness or pressured speech
48
Mnemonic for risk factors for suicide
SAD PERSONS
```
Sex
Age (teenager or elderly)
Depression
Previous attempt
Ethanol/ drug use
Rational thinking loss
Sickness (medical illness >3 meds)
Organized plan
No spouse/No social support
Stated future event
```
49
What drugs should be avoided in patients with allergy to sulfa?
"Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terrible Acute Symptoms"
```
Sulfasalazine
Probenecid
Furosemide (loop diuretics)
Celecoxib
Thiazides/ TMP-SMX
Acetazolamide
Sulfonylureas
```
50
what causes VDRL false positives
VDRL detects nonspecific antibody that reacts with beef cardiolipin
- available for the detection of syphilis (quantitative but not sensitive or specific)
```
"VDLR"
Vira infection (mono/hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and leprosy
```
Confirm diagnosis with FTA-ABS
51
What is the mnemonic for the clinical presentation of potter's sequence/syndrome?
"POTTER"
```
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydramnios (trigger)
Twisted face (wrinkled)
Twisted skin (wrinkled)
Extremity deformities ( clubbed foot)
Renal failure (in utero)
```
52
What pathology fits Psammoma bodies?
| aka who shows these
"PSoMM"
Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of Ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
53
Toxicity of Loop diuretics
"OH DANG"
```
Ototoxicity
Hypokalemia
Dehydration
Allergy (sulfa)
Nephritis (interstitial)
Gout
```
54
What are some causes of a high anion gap metabolic acidosis?
"MUDPILES"
```
Methanol (formic acid)
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Propylene glycol
Iron tablets/ Isoniazide
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol (oxalic acid) --antifreeze
Salicylates ( aspirin)
```
55
What are some causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis ( lose of bicarb)?
"HARD- ASS"
```
Hyperalimentatoin
Addison's disease
Renal tubular acidosis
Diarrhea
Acetazolamide
Spironolactone
Saline infusion
```
56
Mnemonic for renal tubular defects
'FABulous Glittering LiquidS"
- Fanconi syndrome (PCT)
- Bartter syndrome (Thick ascending loop)
- Gitelman syndrome (DCT)
- Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (collecting tubule)
57
Pnemonic for what Apgar score looks for:
> or = 7 ??
4-6 ??
" APGAR"
```
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
```
>= 7 : good
4-6 : assist and stimulate
58
Mnemonic for the findings of Cushing syndrome?
"BAM CUSHINGOID"
- Buffalo Hump
- Amenorrhea
- Moon Face
- Crazy (psychosis, insomnia)
- Ulcer (peptic)
- Skin changes (acne, striae, easy bleeding, thin skin)
- Hypertension
- Infection
- Necrosis of femoral head
- Glucose intolerance/ Glaucoma
- Immunosuppression
- Diabetes
59
Mnemonic or signs and symptoms of Primary Hyperparathryoidism?
"Stones, Bones, Groans, and psuchiatric overtones"
Stones:
- renal stones
- nephrocalcinosis
- polyuria polydipsia
- uremia
Bones:
- osteitis fibrosa cystica
- osteoporosis
- osteomalacia
- osteoarthritis
Groans: Abdominal
- constipation
- indigestion with N/V
- peptic ulcers
- pancreatitis
Psychiatric Overtones
- lethargy/ fatigue
- depression
- psychosis
- confusion, stupor, coma
Other:
- proximal muscle weakness
- keratitis and conjunctivitis
- hypertension
- itching
60
Mnemonic for the functions of T3 (thyroid hormone)
4 B's
Brain
Bone growth
Beta- adrenergic effects
Basal metabolic rate (increase)
61
Mnemonic for findings seen with congenital hypothyroidism?
6 P's
```
Pot-belly
Pale
Puffy-faced child
Protruding umbilicus
Protuberant tongue
Poor brain development
Poor physical growth
```
62
Mnemonic for diseases in which you see target cells
"HALT" says the hunger to its TARGET
HbC (hemoglobin) disease
Asplania
Liver disease
Thalassemia
63
Mnemonic for tumors that cause polycythemia vera:
"Potentially Really High Hematocrite"
Pheochromocytoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hemangioblastoma
64
Mnemonic for causes of DIC?
STOP Making New Thrombi!!
```
Sepsis (usually gram negative)
Trauma
Obstetric complications
Pancreatits (acute)
Malignancy
Nephrotic syndrome
Transfusion
```
65
Mnemonic for feature of TTP/ HUS
Nasty Fever Torched His Kidneys
- Neurologic problems ( confusion/headache seizure/coma)
- Fever
- Thrombocytopenia
- Hemolytic anemia
- Kidney failure
66
Mnemonic for drugs that inhibit Cyp 450
"CRACK AMIGOS"
```
Cimetidine
Ritonarvir
Amiodarone
Ciprofloxacin
Ketoconazole (azoles)
Acute alcohol use
Macrolides
Isoniazid/ Itraconazole
Grapefruit juice
Omeprazole
Sulfonamides
```
67
Mnemonic for drugs that induce Cyp450
"Guiness, Corona, PBR induce Chronic alcoholism:
```
Griseofulvin
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Barbituates (phenobarbitol)
Rifampin
St. John's Wort
Chronic alcoholism
```
68
Mnemonic for cholinergic stimulation: (parasympathetic- Ach)
DUMBBELSS
```
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchospasms
Bradycardia
Excitation of muscle& CNS
Lacrimation
Salivation
Sweat
```
Uterus contracts and penis/ cliterus erection/enlargement
69
Mnemonic for anticholinergic symptoms due to parasympathetic inhibition
```
Hot as a hare (fever)
Dry as a bone (no sweating/secretions)
Red as a beet (flushed)
Blind as a bat (mydriasis)
Mad as a hatter
Bloated as a toad (constipation and urinary incontinence)
```
70
Mnemonic for Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
FA: 461
Bilateral lesion to Amygdala
"HIP HIP"
Hyperhpasgia
Increase oral exploration
Placidity (no agression)
Hypersexuality
Impaired memory ( anterograde amnesia)
Psychic blindness: unable to recognize familiar objects or people
71
Sturge- Weber syndrome
| -- FA 491
Congenital (non inherited)
Developmental anomaly of Neural crest derivatives
Activating mutation in GNAQ gene -- affects small vessels and causes a port-wine stain on the face
" STURGE"
```
Sporadic, port wine Stain
Tram track calcifications
Unilateral
Retardation
Glaucoma, GNAQ gene
Epilepsy
```
72
Tuberous Sclerosis
AD --
"HAMARTOMAS"
Triad: seizures, intellectual disability, angiofibromas
```
Haratomas (CNS and skin)
Angiofibromas
Mitral regurgitation
Ash-leaf
Rhabdomyoma (cardiac)
Tuberus sclerosis
autosomal dOminant
Mental retardation
Angiomolipoma (renal)
Seizures
Shagreen patches
```
73
Neuroeleptic malignant syndrome
Occurs with the typical antipsychotics
"FEVER"
```
Fever
Encephalopathy
Vitals unstable-- autonomic instability
Enzymes high-- myoglobinuria
Rigidity of muscles
```
74
Mnemonic for things that increase myocardial demand
myoCARDial
increased Contractility
increased Afterload
increased hear Rate
increased Diameter of ventricle (wall tension)
75
Mnemonic for drugs that cause a prolongued QT
ABCDE
```
AntiArrhythmics (IA, III)
antiBiotics (macrolides)
anti "C"otics (haloperidol
antiDepressants (RCAs)
antiEmetics (ondansetron)
```
76
Mnemonic for what you see in Wilson disease
"Copper is Hella BAD"
Copper, low ceruloplasmin, Cirrhosis, Corneal deposit (kayser-Fleischer rings), Carcinoma (hepatocellular)
Hemolytic anemia
Basal ganglia degeneration (parkinsonian)
Asterixis
Dementia, Dyskinesia, Dysarthria (motor)
77
Mnemonic for wrist bones:
"So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb"
Thumb --> pinky --> thumb
```
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
```
78
Mnemonic for things seen in systemic lupus erythematous
RASH or PAIN
- Rash (malar or discoid)
- Arthritis
- Soft tissue/serositis
- Hematologic disorder (anemia, thrombocytopenia, Libman-sacs endocarditis)
- Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Renal disease/ Raynaud phenomena
- Photosensitivity/ Positive VDRL/RPR (false +)
- Antinuclear antibodies
- Immunosuppressants
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psycosis)
Libman-sacs endocarditis -- nonbacterial wart like vegetations on both sides of the valve ( mitral valve)
All tissue damage is mediated via type 3 hypersensitivity. Blood disorders is a type II sensitivity
79
Mnemonic for drugs that induce lupus:
Q CHIMPPPS
```
Quinidine
chlorpromazine
Hydralazine
Isoniazid
Methyldopa
Penicillamine
Phenytoin
Procainamide
Sulfa drugs
```
80
Who causes rashes on palms and soles of feet? (bacteria and viruses)
Drive with hands and feet --> CARS
Coxsackievirus A infection
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Syphilis (secondary)
81
Who are the killed vaccines?
RIP Always
Rabies
Influenza (injected)
Polio (stalk) ( stalK = Killed)
HAV vaccines
82
the 4 R's of Rifampin
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Ramps up microsomal cytochrome P-450
Red/orange bodily fluids
Rapid resistance if used alone
83
the 6 P's of Congenital hypothyroidism
(Cretinism)
```
Potbelly
Pale
Puffy-faced child
Protruding umbilicus
Protuberant tongue
Poor brain development
```
84
mnemonic for things associated with PSEUDOMONAS aeruginosa
PSEEUDDOmonas
- pneumonia (cystic fibrosis)
- Sepsis
- External ear infection -- swimmers ear aka otitis externa
- ecthyma gangrenosum (necrotic cutaneous lesions) -- usually seen in immunocompromised patients
- UTIs (nocosomial)
- Drug use (IV drug users)
- Diabetes
- Osteomyelitis ( puncture wounds)
grape-like odor
exotoxin A which ribosylates elongation factor 2 (aka inactivates EF-2)
