4 Supplement Pack - New Liberalism

Question 1

Key Hobhouse quote about rights?

Answer 1

“The right to work and the right to a living wage are just as valid as the rights of person or property”

Question 2

How does Hobhouse describe the role of the state within economics?

Answer 2

“It is for the State to take care that the economic conditions are compatible with individual prosperity”

Question 3

4 works of Hobhouse?

Answer 3

1. Theory of Knowledge 1896
2. Mind in Evolution 1901
3. Morals in Evolution 1906
4. The Labour Movement 1893

Question 4

Key argument in Hobhouse’s Theory of Knowledge? Evaluation with regards to the rest of liberalism?

Answer 4

Human rationality and knowledge served as the means of social change - therefore, education is essential, and anything that restricts the acquisition of knowledge should be stopped

Common view within liberalism, but continued emphasis begins to justify intervention

Common view within liberalism, but continued emphasis begins to justify intervention.

Question 5

What was the purpose of liberty for Hobhouse and why is this distinct?

Answer 5

To enable individuals to develop

As a means to an end and not a principle, Hobhouse’s liberty is more compatible with intervention

As a means to an end and not a principle, Hobhouse’s liberty is more compatible with intervention.

Question 6

What was Hobhouse’s argument in Mind in Evolution?

Answer 6

Criticised social Darwinists and their subsequent view that social reform was counterproductive. Said a humanity past the point of subsistence was capable of collaborative development.

Question 7

Why does Hobhouse’s view in Mind in Evolution present a problem for classical liberalism?

Answer 7

Criticism of social Darwinism is bad for people like Herbert Spencer who believes in eugenics and liberal laissez-fairism.

Question 8

Hobhouse’s key argument in Morals in Evolution?

Answer 8

To enable individuals to develop

As a means to an end and not a principle, Hobhouse’s liberty is more compatible with intervention

Greater emphasis on collective benefit rather than individual.

Question 9

Key argument by Hobhouse in The Labour Movement?

Answer 9

Reform liberalism and trade unionism should team up

Collective control of industry was in liberal’s best interest

Question 10

3 ideas of classical liberalism that Hobhouse challenges?

Answer 10

1. Labour Movement 1893 - private property
2. Morals in Evolution 1906 - individualism
3. Mind in Evolution 1901 - historicism

Question 11

4 key ideas of Hobhouse beyond those outlined above?

Answer 11

1. Calls himself a “liberal-socialist”
2. Believes strongly in the idea of rights
3. Believes in intervention and positive liberty
4. Ambiguous views on property

Question 12

What specifically were Hobhouse’s views on property?

Answer 12

1. 1893 - The Labour Movement - trade unionism and reform liberalism should join forces - collective ownership of industry.
2. Distinguished between property “for use” and property “for power”.

Question 13

What two ideologies did Hobhouse reject?

Answer 13

Classical liberalism
Socialism

Question 14

3 key new liberals?

Answer 14

1. Hobson
2. Hobhouse
3. TH Green

Question 15

What did Hobson entitle his book?

Answer 15

The Crisis of Liberalism: New Issues of Democracy, 1911

Question 16

4 key ideas of Hobson? And who it mirrors?

Answer 16

1. Critical of income inequality, citing its tendency to promote misery as well as severe underconsumption of the poorer classes, and to motivate imperialism - KEYNES.
2. Advanced ideas of social reform, including many of those implemented after the Second World War - BEVERIDGE AND WEBB.
3. Society is an entity, a consumer and producer itself, takes an organic view - BURKE.
4. State should provide those things people can’t provide for themselves - WEB.

Question 17

What form of liberalism does Hobson identify with in The Crisis of Liberalism?

Answer 17

“fuller and more positive liberty to which the Liberalism of the future must devote itself”

Question 18

Why does Hobson not consider himself a socialist? 2 reasons

Answer 18

1. Reject the averaging and centralising tendency of socialism, preferring light touch reforms pragmatically rather than comprehensive public ownership.
2. Is still ultimately individualistic. Aims to maximise individual welfare.

Question 19

How does Hobson relate societal welfare to individual welfare?

Answer 19

Society is an entity with its own welfare, but which itself can only be boosted by upholding the welfare of the constituent individuals within society. Doing so requires individualistic, not socialistic, reforms.

Question 20

2 reasons modern feminists reject Wollstonecraft?

Answer 20

1. Says natural differences exist between women and men.
2. Suggests best way to achieve equality is to make women more like men.

Question 21

Wollstonecraft quote where she concedes men and women are different in society?

Answer 21

“Women, I allow, may have different duties to fill”

Question 22

Example of when Wollstonecraft emphasised how women must become more like men to become free?

Answer 22

“Let woman share the rights, and she will emulate the virtues of man, for she must grow more perfect when emancipated”

Question 23

What did Hobson argue was partly the cause of imperialism?

Answer 23

Income inequality created by laissez-faire LIBERAL capitalism.

Question 24

What key conservative concept does Hobson use to theorise and model society?

Answer 24

Organicism and the view that society is composed of constituents whose wellbeing affects that of society.

Question 25

What did Hobson argue were the responsibilities of the liberal state?

Answer 25

Providing essential positive liberties through a stronger social-democratic state.

Question 26

What is Hobson's attitude towards socialism?

Answer 26

Sees it as overbearing and too uniform. Prefers an empirical approach.

Question 27

What kind of freedom does Hobson argue for?

Answer 27

Positive as well as negative.

Question 28

How similar are Hobson's views to Hobhouse's?

Answer 28

Quite similar - main difference is the line between the individual and the collective in the function of society.

Question 29

What was the Crisis of National Efficiency? Why does it challenge liberalism?

Answer 29

Consequence of laissez-faire on the recruitable pool for the Boer War 50% too ill to serve 90% in Manchester Classically liberal governments threatened because they create laissez-faire conditions where such decrepitude is permissible ## Footnote 50% too ill to serve 90% in Manchester. Classically liberal governments threatened because they create laissez-faire conditions where such decrepitude is permissible.

Question 30

4 contextual facts for TH Green?

Answer 30

1. Witnesses first hand the destructive power of laissez-faire capitalism from his upbringing in West Yorkshire. Observes Crisis of National Efficiency 2. Attends Oxford University where he encounters the philosophy of idealism 3. Advocated education reform, both on the Taunton Commission and as a Liberal councillor 4. Father was an Anglican

Question 31

WHAT KEY CONCEPT DO WE ASSOCIATE WITH TH GREEN?

Answer 31

Positive liberty.

Question 32

Hobhouse, Green and Hobson represent...

Answer 32

The larger shift in British liberalism towards modern liberalism and positive liberty.

Question 33

Is it fair to say Hobson and Hobhouse influenced TH Green?

Answer 33

No, because they came later.

Question 34

How might Hegel have been vindicated by TH Green, Hobson and Hobhouse?

Answer 34

Clear dialectic at work - fusion of ideas.

Question 35

What crucial point did TH Green make about the challenges of modern liberalism?

Answer 35

Modern liberalism must now confront the social and economic forms of tyranny, having vanquished monarchical absolutism and arbitrary power.

Question 36

3 TH Green views on human nature?

Answer 36

1. Humans gain self-realisation from attending to the common good, or the welfare of others. 2. Rational individuals are therefore not egotistical. 3. Empiricism should not be taken to its nth degree. There is some innate knowledge that people have.

Question 37

What epistemology does Green reject and why is this relevant? Why might he have done this?

Answer 37

Empiricism Rejects it because it would lead to the rejection of the importance of knowledge. But empiricism makes government intervention illegitimate, so rejecting it allows Green to propose positive intervention Anglican cleric father ## Footnote Rejects it because it would lead to the rejection of the importance of knowledge. But empiricism makes government intervention illegitimate, so rejecting it allows Green to propose positive intervention. Anglican cleric father.

Question 38

Who in particular does TH Green reject and caveat?

Answer 38

Hume Accepts his thing about the line between animals and humans

Question 39

What does TH Green say is the line between animals and humans and how is this different to Hume?

Answer 39

Humans are moral For Hume - humans are rational For an empiricist like Hume, rationality is what matters ## Footnote For Hume - humans are rational. For an empiricist like Hume, rationality is what matters.

Question 40

3 views of TH Green on society?

Answer 40

1. Society should be a collection of individuals with common goals 2. Industrialisation had fundamentally altered society and the necessary notions of freedom 3. Self-realisation for all is the way to achieve societal wellbeing, and all barriers to this realisation, economic, social and political, must be removed

Question 41

3 views of TH Green on the state?

Answer 41

1. The state should be as decentralised as possible while remaining centrally accountable. 2. The state should intervene when there exist obstacles to individual liberty. 3. The state should obey a new form of the harm principle.

Question 42

What is TH Green's adaptation of the harm principle?

Answer 42

State should intervene only when a clear and present threat exists to liberty from another liberty.

Question 43

3 ways TH Green is not a statist?

Answer 43

1. State should be democratic. 2. Only intervene when there is a strong case. 3. Preference for the local option.

Question 44

Example of how TH Green believed in democracy?

Answer 44

"Will, not force, is the basis of the state"

Question 45

3 views of TH Green on the economy?

Answer 45

1. Free market capitalism is the most conducive to individualism. 2. But liberty can be threatened by inequality of opportunity that can be created by capitalism. 3. Redistributive taxation in order to enforce the state's essential functions may be necessary.

Question 46

What is TH Green's pursuit of positive liberty dependent on? Quote?

Answer 46

Democratic legitimisation "If the state is to do more for its people, then the state must do more to secure their consent" ## Footnote "If the state is to do more for its people, then the state must do more to secure their consent".

Question 47

Who argued against TH Green? Eval?

Answer 47

Hayeck, argued his views amounted to socialism Still focussed on individual emancipation and rejected the centralising tendency of socialism ## Footnote Still focussed on individual emancipation and rejected the centralising tendency of socialism.

Question 48

Key concept that Green is associated with?

Answer 48

Positive liberty.

Question 49

How does Green differentiate positive liberty?

Answer 49

1. Different to state-led collectivism and denial of human difference of socialists such as Webb 2. Different from status quo maintaining paternalism of Burke It is about individual progress and change ## Footnote It is about individual progress and change.

Question 50

Which other liberal key thinker does Green foreshadow?

Answer 50

Rawls.

Question 51

Of the liberals, Green is considered the first key thinker of the...

Answer 51

Modern liberal branch.

Question 52

What had Mill, Wollstonecraft and to a lesser extent Locke's view been of education? How does Green build on this? Context?

Answer 52

Education is necessary to self-fulfilment Green believes it must be state-provided Work on Taunton Commission ## Footnote Green believes it must be state-provided. Work on Taunton Commission.

Question 53

What philosophy is TH Green said to be the leader of in the 19th century?

Answer 53

British idealism.

Question 54

What is idealism?

Answer 54

Epistemology and metaphysics that stresses the importance of the way minds perceive information in our reality, and hence rejects the sovereignty of concrete, external knowledge.

Question 55

Which major liberal does TH Green threaten with his epistemology?

Answer 55

Locke.

Question 56

What is TH Green's perfectionism?

Answer 56

Human good is linked to self-realisation.

Question 57

2 things Green says about the common good?

Answer 57

1. The state has a duty to promote the common good. 2. Individual rights may have to be constrained in the name of the common good.

Question 58

How does Green define freedom?

Answer 58

Self-realisation, including by means of intervention.

Question 59

Main way Green is linked to education?

Answer 59

Taunton Commission on Secondary Education and arguing for reform of higher education.

Question 60

How had the purpose of the state changed between Locke and Green?

Answer 60

From the preservation of property to the promotion of the common good.

Question 61

2 new liberal thinkers from Germany?

Answer 61

1. Friedrich Naumann 2. Max Weber

Question 62

3 views of Weber? Eval?

Answer 62

1. Danger of "extreme bureaucratisation" in socialism 2. Democracy will INEVITABLY lead to the emergence of a liberal aristocracy who will govern and act as "guarantors of individualism" 3. Nationalism Reflects authoritarian context ## Footnote Reflects authoritarian context.

Question 63

3 opinions of Neumann and eval?

Answer 63

1. Social reform should be pursued to prevent class struggle 2. Sought to combine liberalism, nationalism and non-revolutionary socialism in his National-Social Association 3. Advocated German imperialism Reflects German context, but does show Hobhouse's readiness to embrace evolutionary socialism ## Footnote Reflects German context, but does show Hobhouse's readiness to embrace evolutionary socialism.

Question 64

Legacy of Neumann?

Answer 64

Charitable foundation, part of the FDP, operating today which is named after him.

Question 65

Explain and analyse 3 ways in which liberal thinkers have viewed the concept of property.

Answer 65

1. John Locke, JS Mill and other classical liberals - as a measurement and incentive for human accomplishment. Labour theory of property and subsequent inspiration for Adam Smith. 2. JS Mill - people are more motivated by happiness. Happiness principle and utilitarianism, extracted from father James Mill and Bentham. 3. Hobhouse, Green and others - more skeptical. Reflects context and failure of the promise of industrialisation.