4.2 Demographic Transition Flashcards
(12 cards)
Stage 1 of DMT Characteristics
- Example
- low overall population
- high birth rate
- equally high death rate
- little to no natural increase
Ecuadorian Amazonian Tribes
Stage 1 of DMT - Why are BR & DR at these rates
BR
- little contraception
- little education
DR
- lack of sanitation
- lack of medicine
(low immunity to diseases)
Stage 2 DMT Characteristics
- population increases rapidly
- due to birth rates remaining equally high as in stage 1 but death rates decreased
- Infant Mortality Tends to still be high
Example of Stage 2 Country in DMT
- BR, DR?
- Why are BR high?
- Why are DR lower?
Niger
- 3.8% population growth,
- birth rate; 45 per 1,000
- death rate; 8 per 1000 in 2020
Why BR?
- Low contraception; rural areas especially (due to religion as well - 99% Muslim
- Agricultural Families - employs 85% of population
Why DR?
- Improved clean water access - 7% increase in access 2012 to 2015
- Declining IMR - 133 in 1992 to 42 in 2020 per 1,000
Stage 3 DMT Characteristics
- Increase in total population
- Due to increase in life expectancy
- Birth & Death rates narrow; BR falls
Example of Stage 3 Country in DMT
- BR,DR?
- Why BR lower?
- Why DR decreasing?
India;
- BR;16 per 1,000 per woman
- 6.6 deaths per 1,0000
BR Decreasing
- Increase uptake of family planning + contraception
- Increased IMR - so less back up children
- Increased female equality; work education etc
DR decreasing
- Improved heathcare; especially vaccines help lower child deaths
- better nutrition
Stage 4 DMT characteristics
- Very high total population
- Growing very slowly;
Example of Stage 4 Country in DMT
- Why BR decreasing?
- Why DR decreasing?
USA;
- 330 million
BR Falling?
- contraception; 75% down in recent years
- Age of child birth; average is 27 from 21 in 1972
- Cost of living; more expensive to have kids; e.g. Tokyo 1-bed appartment $500 a month
DR decreasing?
- Public Heathcare; NHS
Stage 5 Characteristics
- Birth rate falling below death rate
- population begins to fall
- ageing population
Example of Stage 5 Country in DMT
- Why BR so low?
- Why DR decreasing?
Japan
1.2 children per woman, 0.99 in Tokyo
BR?
- Age of childbirth; 31 average age
- Cost of living, tokyo top 10 most expensive cities
Life Expectancy
Healthcare; Free scanning in Japan
Diet; low obesity rate 5% in japan
Critisisms with DMT
Eurocentric;
- based on the experiences of a few European and ‘western’ countries during very different time; may be very different for countries nowadays
- based on industrial revelooution as well - which some LICs may not go through
Migration
- Doesn’t take into account migration between 1-5 where emmigration and immigration may effect
e.g. Bulgaria population decreased by 11% in decade - has not followed DMT
Population Policies
- have a huge impact on countries population growth; not taken into accoundt
- example; China ‘one child policy’ prevented the birth of 500bn children
Stage 2 Death Rates;
- Fell much more signifcantly in LICs than the model predicted
- due to vaccines being used in these countries reducing diseases and lowering DR
Step-By-Step
- Assumes countries will follow this model step-by-step, can be cases where countries move backwards due to pandemic, outbreak or war
- e.g. Rwandan Genocide; 1 million dead; AIDs, Ebola, Covid
Strengths
- Birth rates gloabally have fallen; due to women in work and other factors
- Death rates do fall as you go along the model; accurate
