4.3.3 - Preventing, Treating, and Curing Diseases

Question 1

Define what a pathogen is.

Answer 1

A micro-organisms that passes disease around.

Question 2

State the four types of pathogen.

Answer 2

• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungus
• Protist

Question 3

Name two bacterial diseases.

Answer 3

• Salmonella
• Gonorrhoea

Question 4

Name two viral diseases.

Answer 4

• HIV
• Measles

Question 5

State five ways disease can be spread.

Answer 5

• Airborne droplets
• Food
• Water
• Direct Contact
• Through vectors

Question 6

State three ways of preventing the spread of disease.

Answer 6

• Vaccination
• Isolating
• Covering your mouth when coughing

Question 7

What are the two different types of white blood cell?

Answer 7

• Lymphocytes
• Phagocytes

Question 8

Describe what as vaccine is.

Answer 8

Dead or inactive forms of a pathogen.

Question 9

How do vaccines work?

Answer 9

By imitating an infection to engage the body’s natural defenses

Question 10

State two physical ways your body stops pathogens.

Answer 10

• Skin is a physical barrier
• Nose hairs trap microbes and dust particles.

Question 11

State two chemical ways your body stops pathogens.

Answer 11

• Stomach produced hydrochloric acid
• Platelets start clotting to form a scab.

Question 12

Describe three functions of white blood cells.

Answer 12

• Produces antibodies
• Produces antitoxins
• Phagocytosis

Question 13

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 13

The white blood cell engulfs a pathogen and destroys it with enzymes.

Question 14

What is an antigen?

Answer 14

A molecule, often a protein, that triggers an immune response in the body

Question 15

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 15

By killing bacteria or stopping them from multiplying

Question 16

Define what a painkiller is and give an example.

Answer 16

A medication used to relieve or eliminate pain. e.g. Tylenol

Question 17

State two diseases which can be treated by using antibiotics.

Answer 17

• Salmonella
• Gonorrhoea

Question 18

Why can’t antibodies treat all diseases?

Answer 18

Some bacteria became resistant to antibiotics.

Question 19

What is the function of the cilia and the mucus in the airways?

Answer 19

Mucus traps pathogens, cilia moves the mucus.

Question 20

How do scabs stop pathogens entering your body?

Answer 20

Creates a physical barrier.

Question 21

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

Answer 21

• Destroys pathogens
• Provides optimum conditions for digestive enzymes.

Question 22

How do bacteria make you ill?

Answer 22

Produces toxins

Question 23

How do viruses make you ill?

Answer 23

By invading host cells

Question 24

What does GM stand for?

Answer 24

Genetic Modification

Question 25

State three uses of GM organisms.

Answer 25

- Producing insulin for diabetes treatment - Enhancing crop yields and pest resistance - Creating bio-based products like biofuels

Question 26

How can GM be used to allow bacteria to produce insulin?

Answer 26

Inserting the human insulin gene into bacterial cells

Question 27

What do restriction enzymes do?

Answer 27

Cutting DNA at specific sequences

Question 28

Name the vectors used in GM.

Answer 28

- Plasmids - Viral vectors - Artificial chromosomes

Question 29

What are the two types of stem cells?

Answer 29

- Adult - Embryonic

Question 30

Where are Adult Stem Cells found?

Answer 30

Bone marrow

Question 31

Where are Embryonic Stem Cells found?

Answer 31

In an embryo

Question 32

Which type of Stem Cell is more useful and why?

Answer 32

Embryonic as they can change into any type of cell.

Question 33

What are the four stages of drug testing?

Answer 33

- Discovery - Preclinical Studies - Clinical Development - Market Approval

Question 34

Define dose/dosage.

Answer 34

How much of a medicine or drug taken or recommended to be taken at a particular time.

Question 35

Define toxicity.

Answer 35

the quality of being very harmful

Question 36

Define efficacy.

Answer 36

the ability of something to produce the intended result

Question 37

What is a side effect?

Answer 37

a secondary, typically undesirable effect of a drug or medical treatment

Question 38

Explain how a double blind trial works.

Answer 38

Both the doctor and the patients do not know what group has the placebo.

Question 39

Define what a placebo is.

Answer 39

a dummy treatment, like a sugar pill or saline injection, that looks and feels like a real medication but has no active ingredients

Question 40

Which stem cells do some people disagree with and why?

Answer 40

- embryonic stem cells - they view as an act of "killing" a human being