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Anatomy > Kidneys 9a > Flashcards

Kidneys 9a Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Where is the right kidney located in relation to left kidney?

A

Slightly inferior due to position of liver (bigger lobe on right side)

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2
Q

What is teh function of the urinary system?

A

To collect water and filter body fluids
Excrete waste products from body
Maintain blood pressure (related to water retention)
Stimulate RBC production (kidneys)
Conversion of vitamin D to its active form
Maintain normal plasma concentrations

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3
Q

What waste products does teh urinary system excrete?

A

Nitrogenous waste
Excess ions
Drugs
Toxins

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4
Q

Characteristics of kidneys?

A

Retroperitoneal organs
Protected by 11th and 12th ribs
Right kidney Lower than left

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5
Q

Components of the urinary system?

A

Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
3 Us

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6
Q

What does the urinary bladder have that allows it to expand?

A

Rugae (folds)

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7
Q

How does urine move from the kidneys to teh bladder?

A

Ureters, peristalsis

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8
Q

Characteristics of ureters?

A

Passageway to carry urine form kidney to bladder
Begins at renal hilum
Smooth muscle layers in teh ureter walls for peristalsis
Valve-like folds to prevent backflow

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9
Q

Characteristics of the urinary bladder?

A

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac situated posterior to pubic symphysis
Stores urine temporarily, max 1L
Can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure

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10
Q

Describe the layers of urinary bladder?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle collectively called detrusor muscle
Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
Walls are folded forming rugae

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11
Q

What is the pubic symphysis and what lies on it?

A

Urinary bladder
Pelvic girdle joint

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12
Q

Characteristics of the urethra?

A

Thin walled tube carrying urine from storage to outside by peristalsis
Men carry semen through here too

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13
Q

What controls the release of urine? Voluntary or involuntary?

A

Internal urethral sphincter: involuntary, made of smooth muscle
External urethral sphincter: voluntary, made of skeletal muscle

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14
Q

What is micturition?

A

Fancy name for peeing aka
Voiding or emptying reflex of the bladder

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15
Q

Briefly describe the micturition reflex.

A

Stretch receptors of the urinary bladder report to the sacral region of spinal cord when bladder reaches a certain pressure/level (200ml)
This sensory nerve synapses with interneurons, synapses with the pelvic nerves to activate the detrusor muscle and open teh internal urethral sphincter
Once urine has past the internal urethral sphincter, you feel the urge to pee, but it can be controlled for a while since external sphincter is voluntary

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16
Q

What’s the state of the bladder before the micturition reflex is triggered?

A

Nerves of sympathetic nervous system keep the internal sphincter closed, no need to pee

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17
Q

Is the micturition reflex run by parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

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18
Q

What does it mean for the kidneys to be retroperitoneal organs?

A

Lie dorsal to the peritoneum, the cavity containing many organs of the abdominal cavity

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19
Q

What and where is the renal hilum?

A

On the indented side, location where several structure enter and exit the kidney
Ex: ureters, renal blood vessels (arteries and veins), and nerves

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20
Q

What are the protective layers that enclose the kidneys?

A

Fibrous capsule: encloses each kidney
Perirenal fat capsule: surrounds each kidney and cushions it
Renal fascia: most superficial layer that anchors kidney and adrenal glands to surrounding structures

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21
Q

What are the 3 region of the kidneys we are responsible for?

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis

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22
Q

Where is the renal cortex and function?

A

Outer region (cortex) of kidney
Contains major portion of the nephrons

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23
Q

What is the renal medulla and function?

A

Deeper than renal cortex, has renal pyramids which contain the collecting tubules of the loop of Henle
Has renal columns that contain blood vessels that go to and from renal cortex

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24
Q

What is the Renal pelvis and function?

Study These Flashcards
A

Flat, funnel shapes tube medial region
Collects urine from the 2-3 major calyxes, which collect from teh more numerous minor calyxes
Basically collects all urine produced and funnels it into the ureter to bone stored in teh bladder

25
Describe the blood vessels found in the kidney.
Renal artery: branches into smaller arteries that we do not need to know, but feeds the kidney Renal vein: small idea, smaller venous structure pool into each other until the renal vein can take it all away
26
Describe the flow of blood for teh kidneys, including only what we are responsible for.
Aorta-> renal artery-> afférent artériole-> glomerulus (capillaries)-> efférent artérioles-> peritubular capillaries-> renal vein-> inferior vena cava
27
What are nephrons and what are they made of?
Main functional unit of the kidney (each kidney contains million) Epithelial cells
28
Cortical vs juxtamedullary nephrons and their proportions?
Cortical= 85%, majority of nephrons, loops of henle just barely gets into the outer medulla, mostly within the renal cortex Juxtamedullary= 15%, minority, starts lower in the cortex than a cortical nephron and its loop of henle is longer and extends deeper into teh inner medulla
29
What are the main structure of a nephron? Describe
Renal corpuscle: bowman’s capsule, glomerular capillaries Renal tubule: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
30
In terms of function, how do cortical nephrons differ from juxtamedullary nephrons?
Cortical: normal waste removal and réabsorption Juxtamedullary: regulates water balance with long loop, allows for the creation of a strong osmotic gradient
31
What do podocytes do?
Form the inner layer of the bowman’s capsule
32
The capillaries of teh glomerulus are surrounded by by what specialized cells?
Podocytes, line the inner layer of bowman’s capsule
33
What do podocytes do?
Foot processes that cling to glomerulus to produce openings called filtration slits that do not allow for the passage of blood (size) and most proteins (charge), but all other components and solutes can pass into the nephron to form the filtrate
34
Where does teh filtrate go from bowman’s capsule?
Bowman’s capsule opens into the proximal convoluted tubule with goes to the loope of henle It goes down teh descending portion of the loop , which passes into the medulla, curves, then goes up the ascending limb back to the distal convoluted tubule in the cortex
35
What are the capillary beds associated with nephrons? Function?
Glomerulus Peritubular capillary bed Designed for filtration of fluids and solutes, not respiration (so not THOSE capillaries)
36
Discuss the capillary beds of the glomerulus
Fed by afférent artériole, drained by efférent artériole (received blood that has passed through glomerulus) Specialized for filtration High pressure forced fluid and solutes out of blood and into glomerular capsule (space once out of glomerulus)
37
What substances should not be able to pass through to teh glomerular space?
RBC, WBC, plasma proteins
38
Discuss peritubular capillary beds.
Arise from the efferent artériole of the glomerulus (network that starts there) Its adapted for absorption rather than filtration (to get back substances like water and ions)
39
Why are water and other solutes able to pass into the capsule?
High arterial pressure
40
Where does filtrate flow?
From proximal convoluted tube->loop of henle-> distal convoluted tube-> collecting duct
41
What do collecting ducts do?
Receive urine from many nephrons and run down teh pyramids in the medulla
42
What is glomerular filtration?
Mostly passive and non selective process by which fluids are forced through a membrane by high blood pressure Small molecules like water, nitrogenous waste, glucose and amino acids pass freely from blood into the bowman’s capsule, becoming filtrate
43
Why doesnt all the water from the blood end up in the bowman’s capsule, if the membrane is permeable to it?
Plasma proteins and blood cells stay in the capillaries (due to size and charge) which maintains an osmotic pressure in the glomerular blood Water will move according to such a gradient
44
What is tubular réabsorption?
Transport of substances from teh renal tubule back into the blood It beings as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule In a healthy person, all glucose and amino acids will be réabsorbed in this stage into the peritubular capillaries
45
Where does most réabsorption occur?
Proximal convoluted tubule cells
46
What is reabsorbed in teh proximal tubule?
Decent amount for water (65%) All of glucose and amino acids Most of bicarbonate ion Will absorb or secrete as much or little H+ as it needs depending on blood pH
47
By what mechanisms does réabsorption in the proximal tubules occur?
Active and passive transport (mostly active) Water moves by osmosis, wherever is appropriate (has higher solute concentration ) Unwanted substance are not reabsorbing since there are few or no carrier from them to cross back into the peritubular capillaries
48
What is tubular secretion?
Gets rid of substances in the capillaries that are not already in teh filtrate such as drugs and excess k+ Main mechanism for controlling pH in the urinary system, urine can fluctuate in pH due to this Final urine output is a result of both secreted and filtered substances
49
Where does teh majority of secretion occur?
Proximal convoluted tubule
50
What substances are secreted back into the renal tubule from teh peritubular capillaries?
H and k+ Creatinine Urea (from protein breakdown) Certain organic acids
51
When your urine is acidic, what homeostatic imbalance was the body trying to fix?
Acidic blood, too much H+
52
Difference between filtrate and urine?
Filtrate contains all teh same components as plasma, except the proteins, but by the time filtrate reaches the collecting duct it has lost most of its water, nutrients and essential ions. This is when its considered urine , contain gin mostly metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
53
Characteristics of urine?
Clear and pale to deep yellow in color Yellow due to pigment Sterile Slightly acidic, but that can change according to blood pH Specific gravity higher than that of water, obviously
54
What are the components of urine that can potentially affect its specific gravity?
Water(95%), uric acid , creatinine, urea
55
Urea vs uric acid?
Urea: byproduct from protein breakdown Uric acid: byproduct from nucleic acid metabolism (breakdown)
56
What si creatinine?
Metabolite fo créatine phosphate, contains nitrogen, stores energy for regeneration of ATP
57
What should urine not have?
Glucose Blood proteins RBC WBC Hemoglobin Bile
58
What should urine have?
Urea, uric acid, creatinine, excess ions (Na and k+), ammonia, bicarbonate ions

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