Chapter 16 - The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860

Question 1

Eli Whitney

Answer 1

Introduced the cotton gin in 1793, which made the wide-scale cultivation of cotton possible. The explosion of cotton cultivation created a demand for labor which reinvigorated slavery.

Question 2

Cotton Gin

Answer 2

Invented by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin was a machine that separated cotton from its seeds. This invention made the wide-scale cultivation of cotton possible. Cotton became the dominant southern crop, accounting for half the value of all American exports after 1840. In fact, the South produced more than half of the entire world’s supply of cotton.

Question 3

Chivalry

Answer 3

-Sir Walter Scott, a favorite author of the elite southerners, helped them idealize a feudal society similar to medieval times.

Question 4

One crop economy

Answer 4

The increasing reliance of the production of cotton led to a one-crop economy, whose price level depended on world conditions. The whole system discouraged a healthy diversification of agriculture and manufacturing.

Question 5

Yeoman Farmer

Answer 5

Any person who was a small landowner, which was the majority of people in the South, who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves.

Question 6

Hillbilly

Answer 6

The least prosperous non-slaveholding whites. They were even scorned by slaves as “poor white trash.” They generally raised corn and hogs, not cotton, and often lived isolated lives. Many of them suffered from malnutrition and parasites.

Question 7

Emancipate

Answer 7

Free blacks numbered about 250,000 by 1860. Emancipation was inspired by the idealism of Revolutionary days. Emancipated blacks in the South were considered a “third race.” They were prohibited from working in certain occupations and forbidden from testifying against whites in court.

Question 8

Mulattoes

Answer 8

Children of mixed race, generally the child of a white planter and his black mistress

Question 9

Chattel

Answer 9

In terms of slavery, a person that can be bought, possessed, or sold as property. As the booming cotton economy created a demand for slave labor, black human chattels had quadrupled by 1860. Even though legal importation of African slaves into America ended in 1808, thousands of blacks were smuggled into the South.

Question 10

Natural Increase

Answer 10

A huge part of the increase in the slave population came not from imports but instead from natural reproduction, which distinguished slavery in America from that in other New World societies and implied much about the conditions of family life under slavery.

Question 11

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Answer 11

Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” which seized on the emotional power of slave auctions.

Question 12

Overseer

Answer 12

The white supervisor who would watch the slaves, both men and women, while they worked. They were ready to whip them at any time, watching the slaves from dawn to dusk.

Question 13

breaker

Answer 13

the person strong-willed slaves were sent to, meant to punish slaves for their wrongdoings. Their technique consisted of extreme and violent whipping.

Question 14

Old South

Answer 14

More settled areas of the South, where slavery was not as hard as the Deep South.

Question 15

Deep South

Answer 15

The area that stretched from South of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, where most slaves were concentrated in the “black belt” by 1860. This was the region of the southern frontier, where cotton growth had boomed.

Question 16

Peculiar institution

Answer 16

A euphemism for slavery and the economics that go along with slavery in the South. The term highlighted the irony of the legalization of slavery in a country where “all men are created equal.”

Question 17

Gabriel Prosser

Answer 17

was executed for organizing 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond, his plan failed because two of the slaves gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia put a stop to the rebellion before it could even begin.

Question 18

Denmark Vesey

Answer 18

A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started.

Question 19

Nat Turner

Answer 19

slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831. His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led to a policy passed by the state legislature of Virginia that said that slavery could not be questioned.

Question 20

Abolition

Answer 20

The anti-slavery movement that first occurred at the time of the Revolution, especially among Quakers. Some of the earliest abolitionist efforts focused on transporting blacks back to Africa. The Great Awakening caused many people to become involved due to the opposition to “the sin of slavery.”

Question 21

The American Colonization Society

Answer 21

founded in 1817 for the purpose of transporting blacks bodily back to Africa.

Question 22

Theodore Weld

Answer 22

AMerican abolitionist, aided by two wealthy New York merchants, who paid his way to Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati. He was expelled for organizing an eighteen-day debate on slavery. Weld and his fellow “Lane Rebels” fanned out across the Old Northwest preaching the antislavery gospel.

Question 23

Arthur and Lewis Tappan

Answer 23

Wealthy and devout NEw York merchants who aided Theodore Weld financially on his way to Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Question 24

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Answer 24

wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” in 1852, which persuaded more people, particularly in the North, to want an end to slavery.

Question 25

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 25

abolitionist who published in Boston the first issue of his antislavery newspaper, The Liberator in 1831. This paper triggered a thirty-year war or words and in a sense was a cause of the Civil War.

Question 26

Wendell Phillips

Answer 26

an associate of William Lloyd Garrison, he founded the American Antislavery Society in 1833.

Question 27

David Walker

Answer 27

black abolitionist whose “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World” advocated an end to white supremacy.

Question 28

Sojourner Truth

Answer 28

freed black woman in New York who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women’s rights.

Question 29

Frederick Douglass

Answer 29

Perhaps the greatest black abolitionist who escaped from bondage in 1838 at the age of twenty-one. He gave a stunning impromptu speech at an antislavery meeting in Massachusetts, and thereafter lectured widely for the cause.