Blood Transfusion Part 1 and 2 Flashcards
What type of blood donations can you give?
- whole blood
- apheresis:
- platelets
- plasma
- plasma and platelets
- double red cell
What requirements does the Australian Red Cross Blood Service have for good donations?
- healthy
- 16-70
- > 50kg
- no recent pregnancy, IV drug use or overseas travel
What are some of the rejection criteria of the Australian Red Cross Blood Service for blood donations?
- heart condition
- pregnancy
- anaemia
- tattoos
- iv drug use
- risky sexual behavior
- UK between certain dates (mad cow)
What components of blood are separated from a centrifuge?
Plasma products: - cryoprecipitate - cryodepleted plasma (minus clotting factors) Buffy coat: - white blood cells - platelets
Why don’t the Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies from donor blood go into recipients blood and attack the recipients blood?
Separating blood allows to separate red blood from antibodies, so the recipient won’t receive the donors antibodies as well.
What is used to replace missing or low levels of proteins in blood?
Fresh frozen plasma
How do you store different blood components and for how long?
- RBCs in fridge for 42 days
- Platelets at room temp for 5 days
- Fresh frozen plasma below -25 for 12 months.
SO ALWAYS check the best before date.
What are the two types of grouping used to check AB status?
- Forward grouping – take patients RBC’s and mix them with anti-serum which will react with antigens present on the RBCs. Determines directly what antigens are present on your RBCs.
- Reverse grouping – take the patients plasma and mix it with commercial RBC’s to see what antibodies are in the patient’s plasma. Determines antigens INDIRECTLY by working out what antibodies are present.
What is the method of checking Rh status?
Forward grouping only:
Patient blood mixed with anti-D serum which contains antibodies against RhD.
- positive – agglutination observed
- negative – pellet observed
What method is used for both forward and reverse grouping?
Gel-column technique
How do you classify adverse blood transfusion events?
- Immunological or non-immunological
- Acute (24 hrs) or delayed
a) Acute Immunological:
- hemolytic transfusion reactions
- febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions
- allergic reactions (i.e. hives)
- transfusion-relation acute lung injury
b) Acute Non-Immunological:
- cardiac overload
- sepsis
- massive transfusion complications
- non immune mediate haemolysis (physical/chemical destruction of blood)
c) Delayed Immunological:
- formation of alloimmune red cell antibodies
- delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction
d) Delayed Non-Immunilogical:
- iron overload
- fever
- jaundice
- lower than expected haemoglobin
What are the signs of mild and sever adverse events?
- Mild – itching, fever, hives and rash – easily treated
2. Severe – breathing difficulties, high fever, shaking, low BOP, dark urine, aches and pains.
What are the most COMMON adverse events and what are the most SERIOUS?
Most common adverse events:
- fever
- chills
- urticarial (hives)
Most serious:
- acute haemolytic transfusion reactions
- delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions
- bacterial contaminants of blood products
What are some contributing factors that affect adverse events?
- individual patient characteristics (i.e. age, if they are regularly transfused)
- blood component
- equipment (contamination)
- concomitant medications and IV fluids
- procedures. i.e. clerical errors
What are the steps in a haemolytic reaction?
- patient antibodies coat donor RBC via surface antigens.
- IgM antibodies activate the complement cascade
- Formation of membrane attack complex
- Agglutination of hemolysis of donor cells
- Cytokine release (i.e. TFN) results in chills, rigors, dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest and/or flank pain and shock.
- Haemoglobinuria, DIC, raised bilirubin and renal failure
- Potentially death
NOTE: you can land up bleeding to death. Although a mismatch causes clotting, you eventually use up all of your clotting factors and then just bleed everywhere.
