antibiotics 2

Question 1

What are the three main causes of UTIs?

Answer 1

E.coli, S.saprophyticus, Proteus spp

Question 2

what can you use against UTI

Answer 2

amoxcyillin, augmentin, cephalexin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim (use this one) morfloxacin

Question 3

what are the 3 groups of drugs you can use against p.aeruginosa? name examples

Answer 3

1) Penicillins
2) Aminoglycosides
3) Quinolones
4) Carbapenems
5) Cephalosporins

Question 4

name an example of 1,2,3,4 and 5 cephalosporins

Answer 4

1- cephalexin, 2- cefaclor, 3- cefotaxime, 4- cefepime, 5- ceftaroline

Question 5

what are the resistance mechanisms to beta-lactam antibiotics?

Answer 5

1. Inducible Beta-lactamases - Class 1 B-lactamase production when exposed to antibiotic (ampC enzymes)
2. Extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL) production. This is found in some mutant gram negative rods and requires 3rd gen ceph’s

Question 6

what are you use against bacteria resistant to 3rd and 4th gen cephalosprins?

Answer 6

carbapenems

Question 7

why is IV emipiral ceftriazone used in becateiral meningitidis?

Answer 7

might die before the results from the suitability tests come back. Ceftriaxone (3rd gen cephalosporin) is used because it penetrates the blood brain barrier and covers most/all possibilities of bacteria causing the meningitis.

Question 8

What are two penicillins that P.aeruginosa may be susceptible to?

Answer 8

Ticarcillin & Piperacillin

Question 9

What are two cephalosporins that P.aeruginosa may be susceptible to?

Answer 9

Ceftazidime, Cefepime

Question 10

What are two carbapenems that P.aeruginosa may be susceptible to?

Answer 10

Imipenem & Meropenem

Question 11

What are two aminoglycosides that P.aeruginosa may be susceptible to?

Answer 11

Gentamicin & Tobramicin

Question 12

What are two Quinolones that P.aeruginosa may be susceptible to?

Answer 12

Norfloxacin & Ciprofloxacin

Question 13

Name a 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Cephalosporin

Answer 13

1st - Cephalexin/Cefalozin
2nd - Cefalcor/Cefyroxine
3rd - Ceftrixone/Ceftazidime
4th - Cefepime

Question 14

How does the activity of Cephalosporins change as you move down the generations i.e. from 1st to fourth?

Answer 14

There is an increase in gram negative activity, but reduced gram positive. Early generations are very good with gram positive

Question 15

What could cause meningitis in a young person?

Answer 15

Neisseria meningitis, S.pneumoniae & H.influenzae