Cellular Immune Response Flashcards
What are 4 cellular immune responses to pathogens?
- Lysis of infected cells by cytolytic lymphocytes
- Activation of monocytes and macrophages
- Activation of neutrophils and eosinophils
- Granuloma formation to contain the infection
What is the innate and adaptive mechanisms for the cellular response: Lysis of infected cells by cytolytic lymphocytes?
Innate: Natural Killer Cells
Adaptive: CD8+ T-cells
What is the innate and adaptive mechanisms for the cellular response: Activation of monocytes and macrophages?
Innate: Directly via PRRs
Adaptive: IFNgamma from CD4+ T-cells
What is the innate and adaptive mechanisms for the cellular response: Activation of neutrophils and eosinophils?
Innate: Directly via PRRs
Adaptive: IL-17 and IL-22 from CD4+ T-cells
What is the innate and adaptive mechanisms for the cellular response: Granuloma formation to contain the infection
Innate: N/A
Adaptive: IFNgamma from CD4+ T-cells
What types of invasive candida infections can you get?
• Acute mucocutaneous infecDon • Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis • Systemic candidiasis – Skin – Eye – Liver and spleen – Kidney
What are the immune evasion strategies of Candida albicans?
- Inhibition of complement activation and complement receptor function
- inhibition of phagocytosis by macrophages
- inhibition of intracellular killing mechanisms in macrophages
- inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines AND secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines
What causes the antigenic variation of HIV that allows it to evade the immune system?
- high mutation rate
- lots of recombination
How does a tuberculin skin test work?
It tests the CD4 T-cell response. It is a delayed type hypersensitivity response to tuberculin. If you have CD4 cells that recognise the bacteria then you will get an active response.
How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis evade macrophages?
- Interference with phagosome function
- inhibition of inflammasome activation
- induction of macrophage necrosis
