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Host and Defense COPY > Cell Response/Cytokines - German > Flashcards

Cell Response/Cytokines - German Flashcards

1
Q

What are two types of cells that monocytes can turn into?

A

1-Macrophage (phagocytosis, activation of T cells)

2-Dendritic Cells (activation of T cells)

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2
Q

Besides Monocyte derivatives, what are 5 other cells that are part of the innate immune system?

A

1-Natural Killer Cells (kill virally infected cells)
2-Neutrophil (Phagocytosis and killing)
3-Basophil (Parasite response)
4-Eosinophil (kill antibody-coated parasites with granules)
5-Mast Cells (release histamine and other active agents)

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3
Q

What are the two types of patterns recognized by innate immune cells?

A

1-Extracellular (cell surface)

2-Intracellular (cell surface changes as a result of viral infection)

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4
Q

With the exception of toll like receptors, what is the result of binding a macrophage receptor?

A

Phagocytosis

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5
Q

What are the 3 main phagocytic cells?

A

1-Macrophages
2-Neutrophils
3-Dendritic cells

*create phagosome after ingesting bacteria to kill and digest with a lysosome

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6
Q

What are the 4 tissues that contain resident macrophages and their respective names?

A

1-Brain: microglia
2-Bone: osteoclasts
3-Liver: Kupffer cells
4-Skin: langerhan cells

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7
Q

What are 4 effector mechanisms of macrophages?

A

1-Phagocytosis
2-Cytokine release
3-Degranulation
4 - antigen presenting

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8
Q

Do macrophage or neutrophil use defensins, and lactoferrin in addition to other mechanisms to kill pathogens?

A

Neutrophils

*Both however, are acidic, use toxic oxygen species, nitric oxide, cathelicidin, and lysozyme to break down the pathogens

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9
Q

What do Toll-like receptors do?

A

Activate macrophages

*some are expressed on the outer membrane and some are inside on the nuclear envelope

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10
Q

TLR1 binds with TLR2 to form a heterodimer. What organisms does it recognize and where on the cell is it expressed?What is its ligand?

A

*from bacteria and parasites, found on plasma membranes

ligand is Triacyl lipopeptides

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11
Q

TLR4 make a homodimer and recognizes what and is found where in the cell?What is its ligand?

A

Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria
found on the plasma membrane
ligand is LPS

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12
Q

TLR7 and TLR8 make a homodimers. What organisms does it recognize and where on the cell is it expressed?What is its ligand?

A

Single-stranded RNA from RNA viruses

*found on endosomes

ligand is ssRNA

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13
Q

TLR9 form homodimers. What organisms does it recognize and where on the cell is it expressed?What is its ligand?

A

Bacteria and DNA viruses
found on endosomes

ligand is CpG DNA

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14
Q

TLR3 forms a homodimer. What organisms does it recognize and where on the cell is it expressed? What is its ligand?

A

RNA viruses

found on Endosomes

ligand is dsRNA

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15
Q

TLR5 forms a homodimer. What organisms does it recognize and where on the cell is it expressed?What is its ligand?

A

Bacteria

found on plasma membrane

ligand is Flagellin

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16
Q

TLR signaling initiates cytokine production through what?

A

NF-kB production

*is a transcription factor

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17
Q

What do NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains) degrade? What does that lead to?

A

Antigens which leads to inflammasome formation and cytokine expression and release

*mainly degraded bacterial fragments, induce cytokine expression and release

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18
Q

What do inflammasomes do?

A

Activate and promote cytokine release

*acts as a regulatory step

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19
Q

Predominantly paracrine and autocrine, what molecules are the signals of the immune system?

A

Cytokines

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20
Q

What are the 6 basic families of cytokines based on morphology?

A 
1-Class I
2-Class II
3-Interleukin 1
4-Interleukin 17
5-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
6-Chemokines
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21
Q

In the JAK-STAT pathway, what does an activated JAK (tyrosine kinase) phosphorylate?

A

STAT

*SH2 region of STAT then dimerizes with another phosphorylated STAT and then head to the nucleus to induce transcription

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22
Q

What are the 5 inflammatory cytokines released by macrophages?

A 
1-IL-1B
2-TNF-a
3-IL-6
4-CXCL8
5-IL-12
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23
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine ACTIVATES VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM and lymphocytes, causes LOCAL TISSUE destruction, increases access of effector cells and induces fever and IL-6 production?

A

IL-1B

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24
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine ACTIVATES VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, increases vascular permeability (leading to increase entry of IgG, complement, and cells) and induces fever, mobilizes metabolites and causes shock is systemic?

A

TNF-a

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25
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine ACTIVATES LYMPHOCYTES, increases antibody production and induces fever, as well as acute-phase protein production in the liver?

A

IL-6

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26
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine is a CHEMOTACTIC that RECRUITS neutrophils, basophils and T cells?

A

CXCL8

27
Q

Which inflammatory cytokine ACTIVATES NK CELLS and induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells?

A

IL-12

28
Q

Which three acute phase proteins function to recognize pathogens?

A

1-C-reactive protein
2-Mannose-binding lectin
3-Lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins

29
Q

Which Acute-phase proteins are for pathogen elimination?

A

Complement C3, C4, C9 and

factor B

30
Q

Which acute phase proteins are for inflammatory response?

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,
serum amyloid A,
Secreted phospholipase A2

31
Q

Which acute-phase proteins are for coagulation?

A

Fibrinogen,
plasminogen,
tissue plasminogen factor

32
Q

Extravasation depends on what three things? To do what things?

A

1-Chemokines (chemoattractants)
2-Adhesion molecules (tethers leukocytes)
3-Proteases (open basement membrane, MMP/elastase)

33
Q

What is the primary cell of the induced response?

A

Neutrophils

34
Q

What are 4 effector mechanisms of neutrophils?

A

1-Phagocytosis
2-Degranulation
3-Extracellular traps
4-Cytokine release

35
Q

Neutrophils contain what 4 types of granules?

A

1-Azurophil
2-Specific
3-Gelatinase
4-Secretory

36
Q

what is the purpose of neutrophil granules?

A

phagocytosis and degranulation

37
Q

After the neutrophil undergoes oxidative burst and degrades the bacterium what happens?

A

undergoes apoptosis and is phagocytose by macrophage

38
Q

Resident in tissue, what phagocytic derivatives on monocytes process pathogens into antigens to be presented to lymphocytes, regulate cytokines and initiate adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic cells

39
Q

What response do viruses cause?

A

Interferon

*IFN-a and IFN-B and cause stress signals to NK cells

40
Q

INF-a, IFN-B, IFN-E, IFN-k, and IFN-w are all what type of interferon?

A

Type I

41
Q

IFN-y is what type of interferon?

A

Type II

42
Q

INF-‘\ is what type of interferon?

A

Type III

43
Q

Made of multiple subtypes, what cells are large cytotoxic lymphocytes that target and kill diseased self cells by responding to interferons, MHC class I and unique stress ligands?

A

Natural Killer Cells

*regulate the shift from induced innate to adaptive immune response

44
Q

How do macrophages and NK cells work together?

A

Macrophages activated by viral infection form a conjugate pair with NK cells to activate proliferation in them. NK cells secrete IFN-y which increases macrophage activation

45
Q

What happens when NK cells are abundant and outnumber the dendritic cells that drove their activation?Why does this happen?

A

NK cells can kill the dendritic cells.

THis happens to supress the dendritic cell function because it means the infection is being taken care of.

46
Q

What are 7 common pattern recognition receptors?

A 
Mannos receptor
complement receptors 3 and 4
dectin 1
MARCO
Scavenger receptor A + B
LPS receptor
47
Q

TLR activation requires what?

A

Dimerization (either hetero or homo)

48
Q

What are the Systemic effects of IL-1B?

A

fever

production of IL-6

49
Q

WHat are the systemic effects of TNF-a?

A

fever
mobilization of metabolites
shock

50
Q

What are the systemic effects of IL-6?

A

fever

induces acute-phase protein production

51
Q

Why does the body induce fever with an infection?

A

to decrease viral and bacterial replication

52
Q

what does TNF-a do to dendritic cells?

A

stimulates migration to lymph nodes and maturation to initiate the adaptive immune response

53
Q

What stimulates the LIVER to produce acute phase proteins like C-reactive protein, mannose binding lectin, LPS binding protein, complement proteins etc.?

A

inflammatory cytokines

54
Q

cytokines do what in relation to leukocytes?

A

they recruit leukocytes

55
Q

excessive plasma TNF-a causes what? How?

A

causes Septic Shock syndrome
because it leads to systemic extravasation, neutrophil infiltration,
vascular colapse
and then multi-organ failure

56
Q

Neutrophils can do what to rapidly clean the blood?

A

they release nets. this allows bloodbourne pathogens to be contained in stead of spreading

57
Q

how do self cells avoid being killed by NK cells?

A

if they have MHC class one on their cell surface, they also have inhibitory receptors that deactivate the NK cell even though the MHC activated it.

pathogens don’t have that inhibitory receptor

58
Q

interferons activate what kind of cell? what does it cause those cells to do?

A

NK cell

causes it to proliferate and turn into cytotoxic effector cells

59
Q

What is activated by Viral infections via RLR and MAV proteins within host cells and leads to the production of interferons and cytokines?

A

NFkB

60
Q

What cells release interferons?

A

diseased or stressed cells including Cancer cells

as well as leukocytes

61
Q

How do macrophages and NK cells interact?

A

Macrophages release interferons
NK cells bind to macrophages which causes them to proliferate and secrete inerferon gamma
Macrophages bind that interferon which causes more phagocytosis and release of interferon.

62
Q

What happens if Dendritic Cells outnumber natural killer cells?

A

the adaptive immune response is initiated

63
Q

The heterodimer between TLR 2 and 6 recognizes what? Where on the cell is it located? and what organisms does it target?

A

ligand is diacyl lipopeptides

gram pos bacteria and fungi

located on the plasma membrane

Host and Defense COPY (81 decks)

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