Inflammation and Healing -2017

Question 1

An “itis” means that the condition is associated with what?

Answer 1

Inflammation

Question 2

What are 3 kinds of inflammation?

Answer 2

1-Acute (minutes to days, neutrophils, mast cells)
2-Chronic (1 day or more, lymphocytes)
3-Granulomatous (Aggregates of epithelia histiocytes, giant cells, lymphocytes)

Question 3

What are the 5 clinical signs of inflammation?

Answer 3

1-Rubor
2-Tumor
3-Calor
4-Dolor
5-Loss of function

Question 4

PgE2, Bradykinin, cytokines and substances P are partly responsible for what sign of inflammation?

Answer 4

Pain (dolor)

Question 5

What are 5 laboratory signs of inflammation?

Answer 5

1-Leukocytosis with neutrophilia (acute) or lymphocytosis (chronic)
2-Eosinophilia (parasites, autoimmune, asthma)
3-Increased sedimentation rate
4-C-reactive protein
5-Procalcitonin
6 - thrombocytosis/thrombocytopenia
7 - band form neutrophils

Question 6

What are the 3 main cells in acute inflammation?

Answer 6

1-Mast cells
2-Neutrophils
3-Endothelium

Question 7

Which cells are activated by trauma, involve IgE cross linking, kill through degranulation mechanisms?

Answer 7

Mast cells

Question 8

Which cells are recruited to inflamed sites, phagocytose bacteria and toxins and form extracellular traps?

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Question 9

What are 3 cells that are typical of chronic inflammation?

Answer 9

1-Lymphocytes (B and T cells)
2-Macrophages
3-Fibroblasts for tissue repair

Question 10

Also called histiocytes, which cells are the major phagocytic and antigen presenting cell type and may rest in different organs?

Answer 10

Macrophages

Question 11

What are the two major lymphocyte cells?

Answer 11

B and T cells

Question 12

What is the scar tissue strength after 1 week vs at 3 months?

Answer 12

1 week: 10% strength of normal

3 weeks: 70-80% (stays around this strength)

Question 13

What are 3 problems in tissue repair?

Answer 13

1-process is slow
2-too much (hypertrophic scars, keloid, desmoid/fibromatosis)
3-To little (especially with steroids or Vit C deficiency, may result in dehiscence)

Question 14

what are the 4 main cell types in tissue healing?

Answer 14

Macrophages
Fibroblasts - make collagen and extracellular matrix
Endothelial cells - make new blood vessels
Epithelial cells - migrate and proliferate to cover wound

Question 15

How are vessels crucial in inflammation processes? 4 things

Answer 15

small vessels develop endothelial retraction and pinocytosis
plasma seeps through the gaps
forms exudate - rich in proteins
vessels recruit inflammatory cells to site.

Question 16

Is ARDS (acute/adult respiratory distress syndrome) associated with an exudate or transudate?

Answer 16

exudate

Question 17

What kind of infections are associated with 
TH1 cells
TH2
TH17
CD8

Answer 17

TH1 cells - fungal/mycobacterial
TH2 - parasitic infections/allergies
TH17 - ongoing neutrophil infiltrates
CD8 - viral infections/direct cytotoxicity

Question 18

What initiates a type 2 immune response?

Answer 18

parasites and allergies

Question 19

what cells are involved in a type 2 immune response?

Answer 19

TH2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells and basophils

Question 20

Eosinophils respond to which kind of pathogen?

Answer 20

parasites

Question 21

Basophils are involved in what kind of immune system response?

Answer 21

allergies

Question 22

In asthma, what kind of cells can line the bronchial mucosa?

Answer 22

eosinophils

Question 23

What are the steps in tissue healing? 5 of them

Answer 23

inflammatory response
clot forms (seconds to minutes)
fibroblasts/endothelial cells form granulation tissue and new epithelium (days)
granulation tissue matures forming scar (1 week)
scar matures

Question 24

repair after inflammatory processes can form a cavity. In what organs is this normal?

Answer 24

brain or lung

Question 25

What is a ventricular aneurysm?

Answer 25

when the heart wall distends but does not rupture