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Host and Defense COPY > Anaerobes and Biofilms - Buxton 2017 - From Cutler > Flashcards

Anaerobes and Biofilms - Buxton 2017 - From Cutler Flashcards

1
Q

What are organisms that do not require oxygen for life and reproduction?

A

-Anaerobes

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2
Q

What type of organisms growth is directly impaired due to the presence of oxygen?

A

-Obligate Anerobes

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3
Q

T/F Many obligate anaerobes lack protective enzymes such as superoxide dismutases and peroxidases.

A

True

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4
Q

What type of biproducts do anaerobes make?

A

-Volatile and foul-smelling metabolic byproducts

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5
Q

What type of bacterial species are notorious in the environment due to survival of their spores?

A

-Clostridium (exogenous species)

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6
Q

When you think of environmental or exogenous species what are the main ones you think of?

A

-Clostridium

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7
Q

Anaerobic infections, including many clostridia are seeded from what normal endogenous flora locations?

A

-Mouth, -Vagina, -Bowel, -Skin (deep in pores)

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8
Q

What part of the endogenous flora location do you find Fusobacterium?

A

-Oral

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9
Q

What part of the endogenous flora location do you find Propionibacterium?

A

-Skin

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10
Q

What part of the endogenous flora location do you find Lactobacillus?

A

-Vagina

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11
Q

What part of the endogenous flora location do you find Bacteroides fragilis?

A

-Colon

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12
Q

What part of the endogenous flor location do you find Bacteroides sp.

A

-Colon

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13
Q

What part of the endogenous flora do you find Prevotella bivia?

A

-Vagina

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14
Q

What part of the endogenous flora do you find Veilonella?

A

-Oral

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15
Q

What part of the endogenous flora do you find actinomyces?

A

-Oral

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16
Q

What part of the endogenous flor do you find Porphyromonas and Prevotella?

A

-Oral

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17
Q

If you do a blood culture and find actinomyces as the main bacteria where might you look for the wound?

A

-Orally

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18
Q

Trauma allows anaerobes of the indegenous microflora or soil to gain acess where?

A

-Deeper tissues

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19
Q

What are four predispsoing factors that can lead to anaerobic colonies?

A

-Trauma to mucous membranes or skin-Vascular stasis-Tissue necrosis-Decrease of redox potential

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20
Q

T/F Anaerobes generally require shorter incubation periods in the laboratory

A

False-Longer incubation

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21
Q

T/F Anaerobic infections are usually isolated colonies

A

False-They are usually mised

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22
Q

What is unique about Clostridium species?

A

-They are spore forming gram-positive rods

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23
Q

What species of clostridium causes tetanus?

A

C. tetani

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24
Q

What species of Clostridium causes Gas gangrene?

A

-C. Perfringenes

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25
Q

What is the gram stain of Actinomyces (burrowing animals)?

A

-non-spore forming gram + rod

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26
Q

What organisms causes chronic, granulomatous, infectious disease with sinus tracts and fistulae, which erupt to the surface and drain pus containing “sulfur granules”?

A

-Actinomyces

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27
Q

What is the gram stain of Propionibacterium?

A

-non-spore forming gram + rods

28
Q

What non-spore forming gram + rod lives on your skin and respiratory flora?

A

-Propionibacterium

29
Q

What type of non-spore forming gram + rod is found in acne pustules?

A

-Propionibacterium

30
Q

What is the gram stain of Peptostreoptococcus?

A

-Gram + cocci

31
Q

What organism is usually found in abscess in the brain or lungs that arise from misplaced oral flora?

A

-Peptostreptococcus

32
Q

What is the gram stain of Veilonella species?

A

-Gram - cocci

33
Q

What organism accounts for about 70% of clinically significant anaerobic bacteremias?

A

-Bacteroides

34
Q

What are three treatment options for anaerobic infections?

A

-Create an environment in which anaerobes cannot proliferate-Arrest the spread of anaerobes via antimicrobials-Neutralize toxins

35
Q

T/F Biofilm surface can be abiotic or living tissue

A

True

36
Q

What stage of the biofilm formation occurs within seconds?

A

-Attachment

37
Q

What stage of the biofilm formation occurs within minutes?

A

-Irreversible binding which is stage 2

38
Q

Cells are sessile (meaning they are fixed in one place) in what biofilm formation stage?

A

-Irreversible binding which is stage 2

39
Q

What are the two types of cells you find in biofilms?

A

-Planktonic-Sessile

40
Q

What traps planktonic bacteria in biofilm formations?

A

-EPS

41
Q

What stage of the biofilm formation occurs in days?

A

-Thickness/maturation-2

42
Q

What stage of the biofilm formation occurs within several days and has cells becoming planktonic and leaving?

A

-Dispersion

43
Q

What are the three layers to mature biofilms?

A

-Outer-Intermediate-Innermost

44
Q

Which layer of the mature biofilm has the most exposure to nutrients?

A

-Outer

45
Q

Which layer of the mature biofilms has the metabolisms that is down-regulated, but still using nutrients and exchanging genes?

A

-Intermediate

46
Q

Which layer of the mature biofilm contains persisiter cells?

A

-Innermost

47
Q

Which layer of the mature biofilm is the most active?

A

-Outer

48
Q

Which layer of the mature biofilm is the earliest and least active?

A

-Innermost

49
Q

What cell type in a biofilm is free living?

A

-Planktonic

50
Q

Which cell type in a biofilm is attached and participating in the biofilm community?

A

-Sessile

51
Q

What cell type in biofilms are metabolically inert and present in all biofilms, resist environmental stress, including antibiotics and are possibly able to disable apoptosis?

A

-Persister

52
Q

T/F Biofilms provide a physical barrier to human immune system

A

True

53
Q

What are the primary colonizers on dental biofilm formation?

A

-Strep mutans-Actinomyces

54
Q

What are the bridge bacteria who can’t bind the pellicle but can bind to primary colonizers involved in dental biofilm?

A

-Fusobacterium

55
Q

What are the late colonizers involved in dental biofilm?

A

-Strep salivarius-Proponibacterium-Prevotella-Veillonella-Selenomonas

56
Q

What gram stain of organisms are usually found in the oral cavity with good oral hygiene?

A

-Gram +

57
Q

If plaque remains undisturbed on teeth for several days what gram stain of organisms will you find in the oral cavity?

A

-Facultative gram - bacilli-Spirochetes

58
Q

What are four main pathogens found in patients with poor oral hygiene and REQUIRE the late colonizers in order to attach?

A

-P. gingivalis-B. Forsythia-A. actinomycetemcomitans-T. denticola

59
Q

What do the main pathogens found in patients with poor oral hygiene cause?

A

-Gingivitis

60
Q

What type of spread occurs with dental bacteria?

A

-Hematogenous spread

61
Q

Where can the hematogenous spread of dental bacteria go?

A

-Heart valves-Prosthetic joints

62
Q

What are the spore forming gram positive rods that are anerobic?

A

clostridium speciestetaniperfringenesbotulinumdifficile

63
Q

What are the non-spore forming gram-positive rods? 2 groups?

A

actinomyces speciespropionibacterium species

64
Q

what are the gram positive cocci anaerobes?

A

peptostreptococcus speciesanaerobic and microaerophillic streptococcus species

65
Q

what is the only gram negative cocci anerobe group?

A

veillonella species

66
Q

what are the gram negative rod groups? 3 of them

A

bacteroides speciesprevotella/porphyromonasfusobacterium

67
Q

T/F - Disaggregation of bacteria from biofilms can transmit already up-regulated resistant aggregates of organisms to other body sites

A

True

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