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Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 3 - Study Guides > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Study Guides Flashcards

1
Q

3 Functional Classifications of Joints

A

Synathroses - Immovable (Sutures, Tooth), Amphiarthroses - Slightly movable (sternum), Diarthroses - freely movable

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2
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue most immovable and include sutures, ligaments, gomphoses

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3
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly movable include synchondrosoes and symphyses (pubic, discs)

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4
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Bones separated by fluid-filled cavity, all are diarthrotic, most joints and all limb joints

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5
Q

6 Characteristics of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Articular Cartilage (Hyaline) 2. Joint Cavity (Fluid filled) 3. Articular (joint) Capsule (external fibrous layer, inner synovial membrane) 4. Synovial Fluid (viscous, dyaluronic acid with phagocytes, lubricates) 5. Reinforcing Ligaments (capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular) 6. Nerves and Blood Vessels
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6
Q

4 Other Features of Synovial

A

Fatty Pads, Articular Discs (meniscus), Bursae, Tendon Sheaths (elongated bursae wrapped with tendon)

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7
Q

3 Stabilizing factors of Synovial Joints

A

Shapes of articular surfaces, Ligament number and location, muscle tendons that cross joint

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8
Q

Movements of Joints

A

Nonaxial (slipping only, carpal/tarsal) Uniaxial (movement of one plane, elbow), Biaxial ( movement in 2 planes, mandible), Multiaxial (all planes ball & Socket)

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9
Q

Angular Movements

A

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, adduction, circumduction

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10
Q

Gliding

A

relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other, but they produce very littlemovementof the bones

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11
Q

Specific Movements

A

Supination/Pronation, Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, opposition

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12
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A

Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball & Socket

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13
Q

Plane Joints

A

Nonaxial, gliding, metacarpals, flat articular surfaces

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14
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Uniaxial, elbows, fingers, flexion/extension

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15
Q

Pivot Joints

A

Uniaxial, sleeve and axle (ulna/radius)

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16
Q

Condylar joint

A

Biaxial, Metacarpal/phalange

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17
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Biaxial, Abduction/adduction, Flex/ext, thumb

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18
Q

Ball & Socket Joint

A

Multiaxial, all movement, shoulder/hip

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19
Q

Knee Joint

A

Larges most complex Joint with at least 12 associated bursae and a tendon reinforced capsule

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20
Q

4 Rotator Cuff Tendons

A

Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

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21
Q

Cartilage Tears

A

Stress compression, arthroscopic surgery, removal, less stable leads to osteoarthritis

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22
Q

Sprains

A

stretch or torn ligament, slowly repairs

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23
Q

Dislocation

A

Bones forced out of alignment, reduced to treat subluxation, inflammation and loosening of ligaments

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24
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflamation of the Bursa by blow or friction, drugs ice rest

25
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation due to overuse

26
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Common, irreversible, degenerative, more cartilage is destroyed than replaced

27
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

AutoImmune disease, chronic inflammatory

28
Q

Gout

A

Uric Acid crystals in joints, inflammation base of big toe/thumb, untreated bone fuses, drugs, water and not fatty foods or alcohol

29
Q

Lyme Disease

A

Parasitic, tick bites. May lead to joint pain and arthritis, long course antibiotics

30
Q

Special Characterisitics of Muscle Tissue

A

Excitability, Contractibility, Extensibility, Elasticity

31
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue, surrounding entire muscle

32
Q

Perimysium

A

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)

33
Q

Endomysium

A

Fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

34
Q

Attachments of Muscle Tissue

A

Insertion (movable bone) Origin ( immovable bone)

35
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Functions in the regulation of intracellular calcium, forms perpendicular cross channels

36
Q

Sliding Filament Model

A

Generation of force, during contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments, actin and myosin overlap and move. Occurs when myosin heads bind to actin create a crossbridge which forms and breaks several times, ratcheting thin filaments toward center of sarcomere

37
Q

2 things we need for Skeletal muscle to contract

A

Activation (nervous system stimulation, generate action potential in sarcolemma), Excitation-Contraction (Action potential propagates along sarcolemma, intracellular Ca2+ levels rise)

38
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Each axon forms a NMI with a single muscle fiber and the axon terminal and muscle fiber separated by space called the synaptic cleft. Synaptic vesicles of axon terminal contain neurotransmitter acetylCholine. Junctional folds of sarcolemma contain AcH receptors

39
Q

Motor Unit

A

Motor neuron and all muscle fibers it supplies

40
Q

Graded muscle response

A

varying strength of contraction for different demands and control movement

41
Q

Subthreshold Stimuli

A

No observable contraction

42
Q

Threshold stimuli

A

Stimulus causing first observable muscle contraction

43
Q

Maximal Stimulus

A

Strongest stimulus that increase contractile force

44
Q

Size Principle

A

recruit more muscle fibers for stronger or heavier

45
Q

Isotonic Concentric Contraction

A

Muscles Shortens and moves load

46
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Generate force without changing shape of the muscle (plank)

47
Q

Isotonic Eccentric Contraction

A

Muscle generates force as it lengthens

48
Q

How do Muscles return to Recovery State

A

Oxygen reserves replenished, Lactic acid converted to pyruvic acid, glycogen stores replaces, ATP & CP reserves replenished

49
Q

Slow Oxidative Fibers

A

Oxidative ATP, Slow contraction velocity, Many mitochondria and capilaries, high (red) myoglobin content and low glycolytic enzymes (Marathon)

50
Q

Fast Oxidative

A

Oxidative ATP, Fast contraction velocity, Many mitochondria and capilarries, high (red) myglobin content and intermediate glycolytic enzymes

51
Q

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

A

Glycolysis, Fast contraction velocity, few mitochrondria and capilaries, Low (white) myoglobin content and high glycolytic enzymes (SPRINT)

52
Q

Overload Principle

A

Forcing muscles to work hard promotes the increase muscle strength and endurance, muscles adapt to increased demands

53
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Spindle shaped, thin and short, one nucleus, no striations, endomysium only, no sarcomeres or myofibrils

54
Q

Peristalsis

A

Alternating contractions and relaxations of layers that mix and squeeze substances through lumen of hollow organs

55
Q

Unique Features of Smooth Muscle

A

Slow Synchronized contractions, cells electrically coupled by gap junctions, some cells self-excitatory (depolarize without external stimuli)

56
Q

Prime Mover

A

Responsible for producing specific movement

57
Q

Antagonist

A

Reverses specific movement by prime mover

58
Q

Synergist

A

Helps primers add extra force to same movement, reduces unnecessary movement

59
Q

Fixator

A

Synergist that immobilizes bone or muscles origin and gives primer

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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