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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter12 > Flashcards

Chapter12 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

Nerves that extend from brain and spinal corrd and also cranial nerves

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3
Q

Somatic Sensory

A

Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception in skin (hearing, equilibrium, vision)

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4
Q

Visceral Sensory

A

Stretch pain, tem, chemical changes, and irritation in viscera, nausea and hunger (taste, smell)

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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Motor innervation of all skeletal muscles (Motor (efferent) division)

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6
Q

Autonomic nervious system

A

Motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (Motor (efferent) division)

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

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8
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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9
Q

Astrocytes

A

Support neurons, capillary, and nueron exchange, guide migration, control chemical environment

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10
Q

Microglial

A

Monitor neurons, migrate toward injured neurons, phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

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11
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line cavities to form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS Cells

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12
Q

Olidgodendrocytes

A

Processes wrap CNS Nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths

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13
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies in PNS, function similar to astrocytes of CNS

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14
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Surround PNS fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers, regeneration of PNS fibers

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15
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of neuron processes in CNS

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16
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of neuron processes in PNS

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

Short, tapering, diffusely branched processes, conveys incoming messages toward cell body as graded potential

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18
Q

Anterograde

A

away from cell body (mitochondria, neurotransmitters)

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19
Q

Retrograde

A

Toward cell body (organelles to be degraded, signal molecuels, viruses, and bacterial toxins)

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20
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Composed of myelin, a whitish, protein-lipid substance, protects and electrically insulates axon, increases speed of nerve impulses

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21
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Myelin sheath gaps between schwann cells

22
Q

White Matter

A

Regions of brain and spinal cord with myelinated fibers

23
Q

Gray Mater

A

Neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

24
Q

multipolar

A

3 or more processes, 1 axon, other dendrites

25
Q

bipolar

A

2 processes, 1 axon and 1 dendrite (rare, retina and olfactory)

26
Q

Unipolar

A

1 short process, divides T-like, both branches considered axons

27
Q

Leakage Channels

A

Always open

28
Q

Gated

A

Part of protein changes shape to open/close channel

29
Q

Chemically gated (ligand-gated)

A

Channels: open with binding of a neurotransmitter

30
Q

Voltage-gated

A

Channels: open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

31
Q

Mechanically gated

A

Channels: open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors; sensory

32
Q

Gated Channels

A

When open, ions diffuse quickly across membrane along electrochemical gradients

33
Q

ECF

A

Higher concentration of NA+, balanced chiefly by chloride ions (Cl-)

34
Q

ICF

A

Higher concentration of K+, balanced by negative charged protein

35
Q

Na+ Channels Have 2 voltage-Sensitive gates

A

Activation Gates: closed at rest, open with depolarization; Inactivation Gates: open at rest; block channel once it is operational

36
Q

Threshold

A

For axon to fire, depolarization must reach threshold

37
Q

Axon Diameter

A

Larger diameter fibers = less resistance to current flow so faster

38
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

30x faster, Voltage-gated Na+ channels are located at myelin sheath gaps. Electrical signal appears to jump rapidly from gap to gap

39
Q

Synapses

A

Junctions that mediate information transfer in neurons

40
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

Neuron conducting impulses toward synapse

41
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

Neuron transmitting electrical signal away from synapse

42
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

Neurons electrically coupled by gap junctions. Communication very rapid, synchronized. Less common but more abundant in embryonic nervous tissue

43
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

30-50 nm wide, prevents nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to next, unidirectional

44
Q

Summate

A

When Excitatory postsynaptic potential and Inhibitory postsynaptic potential together can influence a postsynaptic neuron

45
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

Broadly distributed in brain. Play roles in emotional behaviors and biological clock

46
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

Released at neuromuscular junctions and by some CNS and ANS neurons. Degraded by enzyme acetylcholinesterase

47
Q

Peptides: Substance P

A

Mediator of pain signals

48
Q

Peptides: Endorphins

A

Beta endorphin, dynorphin and enkephalins. Act as natural opiates; reduce pain perception

49
Q

Peptides: Gut-Brain peptides

A

Somatostatin and cholecystokinin

50
Q

Direct Action

A

neurotransmitter binds to and opens ion channels. Promotes rapid responses by altering membrane potential

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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