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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 22 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration - major function

A

To supply O2 to tissues and remove CO2 from body

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

(breathing)-
movement of air into and out
of lungs

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3
Q

External respiration

A

O2 and CO2

exchange between lungs and blood

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4
Q

Circulatory System

A

Transport-O2 and CO2 in blood

Internal respiration-O2 and CO2
exchange between systemic blood
vessels and tissues

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5
Q

Conducting zone

A

conduits to gas exchange sites

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6
Q

Respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange

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7
Q

The Nose

A

Provides an airway for respiration

Moistens and warms entering air

Filters and cleans inspired air

Resonating chamber for speech

Houses olfactory receptors

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8
Q

Isthmus of fauces

A

Part of OroPharynx

opening to oral cavity

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9
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
~0.5- m-thick; gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion

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10
Q

Cells of Alveolar Walls

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium (type I alveolar cells)

Scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

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11
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

(low pressure, high volume)
Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood to lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to heart

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12
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
Part of systemic circulation (high pressure, low volume)
Supply all lung tissue except alveoli
Pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to heart

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13
Q

Pleurae

A

thin, double-layered serosa; divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
Pleural fluid fills pleural cavity
Provides lubrication and surface tension assists in expansion and recoil

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14
Q

Atmospheric pressure (Patm)

A

Pressure exerted by air on the body
760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Respiratory pressures are relative to Patm

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15
Q

Intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure (Ppul)

A

pressure in alveoli
Fluctuates with breathing
Always eventually equalizes with Patm

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16
Q

Intrapleural pressure (Pip)

A

Pressure in pleural cavity
Fluctuates with breathing
Always a negative pressure (

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17
Q

Atelectasis

A

(lung collapse) due to plugged bronchioles - collapse of alveoli

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18
Q

Inhalation

A 
Diagphragm contracts
intercostal muscles contract
Lungs expand
Volume Changes
Pressure changes
Gases flow to equalize pressure change
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19
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas

Gases fill container; if container size reduced increased pressure

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20
Q

Forced Inspiration

A

During exercise - accessory muscles (scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor) further increase in thoracic cage size

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21
Q

Exhalation

A 
Diagphragm relaxes
intercostal muscles relax
Lungs recoil
Volume Changes
Pressure changes
Gases flow to equalize pressure change
22
Q

3 Factors Hinder Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Airway resistance
Alveolar surface tension
Lung compliance
(require energy)

23
Q

Surfactant

A

Detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells
Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

24
Q

Non respiratory Air movements

A

Most result from reflex action; some voluntary

Examples include-cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawns

25
Q

External respiration

A

diffusion of gases in lungs

O2 and CO2 across respiratory membrane
Influenced by
Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
Ventilation-perfusion coupling

26
Q

Internal respiration

A

diffusion of gases at body tissues

Capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Partial pressures and diffusion gradients reversed compared to external respiration
Tissue Po2 lower than arterial blood oxygen from blood to tissues and CO2 - from tissues to blood

27
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of partial pressures exerted by each gas = directly proportional to its percentage in mixture

28
Q

Henry’s Law

A

When gas mixtures are in contact with liquid, each gas dissolves in proportion to its partial pressure and depends on:
Solubility–CO2 20 times more soluble than O2
Temperature–as it rises, solubility decreases

29
Q

Composition of Alveolar Gas

A

Alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapor than atmospheric air
Gas exchanges in lungs
Humidification of air
Mixing of alveolar gas with each breath

30
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

A

Perfusion-blood flow reaching alveoli
Ventilation-amount of gas reaching alveoli
Ventilation and perfusion matched (coupled) for efficient gas exchange

31
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin-O2 combination

32
Q

Reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin)

A

hemoglobin that has released O2

33
Q

Factors affecting loading and unloading of Hemoglobin

A

Facilitated by change in shape of Hb
As O2 binds, Hb affinity for O2 increases
As O2 is released, Hb affinity for O2 decreases
Po2
Temperature increase - affinity decreases
Decrease Blood pH (more H+) - affinity decreases
Pco2
Concentration of BPG–produced by RBCs during glycolysis; levels rise when oxygen levels chronically low

34
Q

Venous reserve

A

Oxygen remaining in venous blood

Just in case oxygen

35
Q

Bohr effect

A

Relationship between O2 affinity to bind with Hb is inversely related to the both pH and carbon dioxide concentration. CO2 becomes bicarbonate ion and H+ which binds with Hb and changes shape decreasing O2 affinity to bind. Reason O2 goes to tissues.

36
Q

Equation for Co2 & Water

A

Co2 + H2o = H2Co3 (carbonic acid) = turns into H+ (hydrogen ion (basic) and HC03 (bicarbonate ion)

37
Q

Anemic Hypoxia

A

Too few RBCs abnormal or too little Hemoglobin

38
Q

Ischemia Hypoxia

A

impaired or blocked circulation

39
Q

Histotoxic Hypoxia

A

cells unable to use 02, metabolic poison

40
Q

Hypoxemic Hypoxia

A

abnormal ventilation, pulmonary disease

41
Q

How is Co2 transported in the blood

A

7-10% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
70% transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma (HC03-)

42
Q

What happens in systemic capillaries

A

HC03- Quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma

43
Q

Chloride Shift

A

Outrush of HC03- from RBCs balanced as Chloride moves into RBCs from plasma

44
Q

What happens in pulmonary capillaries

A

HC03- moves into RBCs (Chloride leaves)

Bdins with H+ to form H2C03 which is split by carbonic anhydrase into H2O and C02 which diffuses into alveoli

45
Q

Haldane Effect

A

Amount of Co2 transported affected by P02

46
Q

COPD

A

Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs
History of smoking in 80% of patients
Dyspnea - labored breathing Coughing and frequent infections
Most develop respiratory failure (hypoventilation) accompanied by respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia

47
Q

Emphysema

A

Destruction of alveolar walls, enlargment; decreased lung elasticity
Accessory muscles necessary for breathing - exhaustion
Hyperinflation flattened diaphragm - reduced ventilation efficiency
Damaged pulmonary capillaries - enlarged right ventricle

48
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Inhaled irritants
chronic excessive mucus
Inflamed and fibrosed lower respiratory passageways
Obstructed airways
Impaired lung ventilation and gas exchange
pulmonary infections

49
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Infectious disease caused by bacterium
Symptoms-fever, night sweats, weight loss, racking cough, coughing up blood
Treatment- 12-month course of antibiotics

50
Q

Lung cancer: Leading cause of cancer deaths in North America, 90% smokers

A

Adenocarcinoma: peripheral lung areas - bronchial glands, alveoli
Squamous cell carcinoma: bronchial epithelium
Small cell carcinoma: lymphocyte-like cells that originate in primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize

51
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Most common lethal genetic disease in North America
Viscous mucus clogs passageway, bacterial infections in lungs, clogged pancreatic ducts, reproductive ducts
Cause = abnormal gene for Cl- channel

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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