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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter14 > Flashcards

Chapter14 Flashcards

1
Q

Route of Sound Waves

A
  1. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane
  2. Auditory ossicles vibrate. Pressure amplified
  3. pressure waves created by stapes pushing on the oval window move through fluid in the scala vestibuli
    4a. Sounds w Frequencies belowing hearing travel through helicotrema and don’t excite hair cells
    4b. vibrate basilar membrane and deflecting hairs on inner hair cells.
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2
Q

Parts of Vascular Layer

A

Choroid Region - Supplies blood to all layers of eyeball, brown pigment absorbs light to prevent light scattering. Ciliary body - Smooth Ciliary muscles control lens shape, capillaries of ciliary processes secrete fluid.
Iris - Colored part of eye

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3
Q

Ascending Pathways

A

First-Order Neuron: Conducts impulses from cutaneous receptors;
Second-order Neuron: Interneuron. Cell Body in dorsal horn of spinal cord or medulla Axons to thalamus or cerebellum.
Third-order Neuron: Interneuron

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4
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus and What are lacrimal secretions

A

Saline, mucus, antibodies, lysozyme (TEARS), will drain to nasal cavity

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5
Q

A Small Subset of ganglion cells in retina contain

A

Melanopsin (circadian pigment) which project to pretectal nuclei and suprachiasmatic nucleus

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6
Q

Tract to brain

A

Olfactory receptor cells synapse with mitral cells in olfactory bulbs then via olfactory tracts to piriform lobe of olfactory cortex, some to frontal lobe, hypothalamus, amygdala, and regions of limbic sys

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7
Q

Taste Buds

A

Gustatory Epithelial cells: taste cells, microvilli are receptors. Basal Epithelial cells: dynamic stem cells that divide every 7-10 days. 10,000 taste buds on tongue, few on soft palate, cheeks, pharynx, epiglottis

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8
Q

Taste bud responses

A

Sweet: Sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some amino acids, some lead salts. Sour: Hydrogen ions in solution. Salty: metal ions (inorganic salts). Bitter: Alkaloids (quinine, nicotine, aspirin). Umami: Glutamate, aspartate

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9
Q

Otitis Media

A

Middle ear inflammation, especially in children, who have shorter more horizontal pharynogotympanic tubes, most frequent cause of hearing loss, treated with antibiotics or myringotomy (tubes)

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10
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

Respond to stimuli outside body (touch, pressure, pain, temp)

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11
Q

Interoreceptors

A

Respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera (chemical changes, tissue stretch, temp changes)

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12
Q

Propprioreceptors

A

Respond to stretch

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Touch, pressure, vibration and stretch

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14
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Changes in temperature, Cold (10-40) Superficial dermis, Hot (32-48) Deeper Dermis, outside ranges, notifiy nociceptors activated for pain

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15
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light energy (retina)

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16
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemicals (smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

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17
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain-causing stimuli for extreme heat/cold, Ion channel opened by heat, low pH, chemicals, capsaicin (hot peppers), chemicals from damaged tissue

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18
Q

Nonencapsulated

A

Free Nerve Ending - In epithelia and connective tissues, respond to temp, and pain, pressure induced tissue movement, itch

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19
Q

Tacticle Corpuscles

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings (meissner’s) Discriminitive touch, differentiate between quantities i.e. 2 popsicle sticks

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20
Q

Lamellar Corpuscles

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings (Pacinian) Deep pressure and vibration

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21
Q

Bulbous Corpuscles

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings (ruffini endings) Deep continuous pressure

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22
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings Muscle stretch (deep)

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23
Q

Tendon Organs

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings Stretch in tendons

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24
Q

Joint Kinesthetic Receptors

A

Encapsulated dendritic Endings joint position and motion

25
Q

Steps of Sensation Production

A
  1. Receptor level: Sensory reception and transmission to CNS 2. Circuit Level: processing in ascending pathways 3. Perceptual Level: processing in cortical processing
26
Q

Generator Potential

A

A graded potential in afferent neuron summated to produce action potential - stimuli

27
Q

Receptor Potentail

A

A graded potential in receptor cell that affects amount of neurotransmitter released, then neurotransmitters generate graded potentials in sensory neuron

28
Q

Phasic Receptors

A

Signal the beginning or end of stimuli (pressure, touch smell) clothes on in the morning, you don’t notice them all day

29
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

adapt slowly or not at all (nociceptors and most proprioceptors)

30
Q

Phantom Limb Pain

A

Felt in limb not present, now use epidural anesthesia to reduce, create a memory of pain with or without the limb in place

31
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Pain amplification, Chronic pain, long-lasting/intense pain

32
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

contains bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia, bundles of nonmyelinated axons of olfactory receptor cells from olfactory nerve

33
Q

Olfactory Neurons

A

Thin dendrite terminates in knob with long, olfactory cilia, covered by mucus (solvent for odorants) olfactory stem cells replace them

34
Q

Smell Genes”“Smell Genes”"”mell Genes”“Smel”ell Ge

A

400 active in nose, each encodes unique receptor protein, each odor binds to different receptors and pain and temp also

35
Q

Role of Taste

A

Triggers reflexes involved indigestion, increase secretion of saliva into mouth and gastric juice into stomach, protective reaction, gagging, vomiting

36
Q

Synesthesia

A

stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway (colors of sounds)

37
Q

Middle Ear

A

Small, air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity flanked medially by bony wall containing oval and round windows

38
Q

Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

A

Equalizes pressure in middle ear

39
Q

Ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, stapes; small bones that transmit vibratory motion of eardrum to oval window

40
Q

Two Major Divisions of Internal Ear

A

Bony Labyrinth, vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea - filled with perilymph & Membranous labyrinth

41
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A

Membranous sacs and ducts. Filled with K+-rich Endolymph

42
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail shell shaped - spiral, conical, bony chamber - Contains cochlear duct, which houses spiral organ and ends at cochlear apex

43
Q

3 Chambers of Chochlea

A

Scala Vestibuili: to oval window, perilymph. Scala Media: (cochlear duct) endolymph. Scala Tympani: to round window; perilymph

44
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of Crests (loudness) Normal range is 0-120 decibels (dB) hearing loss with exposure above 90 dB

45
Q

Frequency

A

of waves in a given time

46
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between two crests (shorter wavelength = higher frequency)

47
Q

Pitch

A

Perception of different frequencies ; higher frequency = higher pitch

48
Q

Cochlear hair cells

A

One row of inner hair cells, three rows of outer hair cells, that move back and forth for sound

49
Q

Stereocilia

A

Of the hair cells, protrude into endolymph, longest enmeshed in gel-like tectorial membrane

50
Q

Tip Link

A

A fiber on end of stereocilia that connects it to the next tallest (kinocilium) which as it moves opens or closed mechanically gated ion channels

51
Q

Vestibule

A

2 Membranous sacs - Saccule: static equilibrium in an up and down motion, Utricle: static equilibrium in a side to side motion

52
Q

Sensory Receptors in Vestibule

A

Maculae - continuously release neurotransmitters but modified amounts depending on movement of head

53
Q

Cilia embedded in Otolith Membrane

A

Stereocilia and kinocilia and studded with otoliths(calcium carbonate stones), works with gravity

54
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Lie in 3 planes

55
Q

Ampulla

A

Of each semicircular canal houses equilibirum receptor region called the crista ampullaris. The receptors respond to angular rotational movement of the head

56
Q

Bending of haris in cristae

A

Depolarization

57
Q

Bending of hairs in opposite direction

A

hyperpolarization

58
Q

Vestibular Nystagmus

A

As rotation begins eyes drift in direction opposite to rotation, then CNS compensation causes rapid jump toward direction of rotation

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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