DEA + Social Class (In)

Question 1

What are the 4 internal factors?

Answer 1

1. Labelling + SPF
2. Pupil subcultures + streaming
3. Marketisation + selection policies
4. Student’s class IDs

Question 2

Define labelling

Answer 2

Process of attaching a meaning/ definition to individual/ group
Often based on stereotypes

Question 3

Define SFP

Answer 3

When prediction (label) made about person/ group comes true
Labels = accepted by group/ individual + act in way that matches label

Question 4

Define SNP

Answer 4

Going against the prediction

Label = rejected, opposite comes true

Question 5

What are the 3 sociologists that conducted studies on labelling?

Answer 5

1. Rist (1970) ‘Tigers’
2. Becker (1971) ‘Ideal pupil’
3. Rosenthal + Jacobson (1968) SFP sputers

Question 6

Describe Becker’s study

Answer 6

Study of labelling
Interviews, 60 Chicago HS teachers
Teachers judged pupils according to how closely fitted image of ‘ideal pupil’
Influencing factors: pupils work, conduct + appearance
mc = most ideal
wc = furthest away

Question 7

Describe Rist’s study

Answer 7

Labelling p. schools (US kindergarten)
Teachers used info about children background + appearance
Placed them into separate groups + @ different tables
Teachers decided who = fast learners (Tigers)
Tended to be, mc (neat appearance) sat closest to teacher - gave encouragement
Others = ‘clowns’, seated furthest away (wc)
Given lower reading levels + fewer chances to show abilities

Question 8

Who studied streaming?

Answer 8

Gillbron + Youdell (2001)

Question 9

Describe Gillborn + Youdell’s study

Answer 9

Studied 2 LONDON 2ndary schools
Teachers used ‘ability’ to stream pupils
Teachers less likely to see wc + blacks to have ability
Pupils = more likely to be places in lower streams, entered into lower GCSEs
Denies them opp. to gain high grades
Widens gap

Question 10

What are 2 problems with the labelling theory?

Answer 10

1. Deterministic (ignores other factors, dep)

2. Marxists: ignore real cause of labelling, unequal capitalist S

Question 11

Who talks about pupil subcultures?

Answer 11

Lacey

Question 12

Define pupil subcultures

Answer 12

Group of students with own unique culture (n+v, attitudes) different + separate to mainstream culture
Can be pro/ anti-school

Question 13

What are the 2 stages in creating a subculture according to Lacey?

Answer 13

1. Differentiation

2. Polarisation

Question 14

What is stage 1 in developing a subculture?

Lacey

Answer 14

Differentiation
Means separating students into groups
Teachers categorise students according to perceived ability/ behaviour (streaming)

Question 15

What is stage 2 in developing a subculture?

Lacey

Answer 15

Polarisation
Moving to 1 of 2 opposite ‘poles’
Students at top become better behaved/ more ambitious (+ve labelling)
Low set students behaviour gets worse; surrounded by other students with little motivation

Question 16

What are 3 characteristics of a pro-school subculture? (mc)

Answer 16

1. Gain status + respect through academic success
2. Culture matches culture of Ed system (valuing success)
3. +ve labelling, SFP, achieve success

Question 17

What are 3 characteristics of an anti-school subculture? (wc)

Answer 17

1. Gain status be misbehaving (talking back)
2. Actively reject culture of Ed, fight it
3. -ve labelling, SFP, academic failure

Question 18

3 criticisms of pupil subc. as an explanation for social class DEA

Answer 18

1. Most people aren’t pre/anti school, but somewhere in between
2. Most subc. = mixed ability
3. Fuller study showed anti school BUT pro education subc.

Question 19

When did Lacey write?

Answer 19

1970

Question 20

What type of subculture is likely to be formed in the top sets?
(Lacey)

Answer 20

Pro-school subcultures (mc)

Question 21

What types of subculture is likely to be formed in the bottom sets?
(Lacey)

Answer 21

Anti-school subcultures (wc)

Question 22

Who coined the term ‘habitus’?

Answer 22

Bourdieu

Question 23

Define habitus

Answer 23

Lifestyle, interests, expectations + views of a social group
Formed as result of a groups class position + = learnt during socialisation
Similar to cultural capital

Question 24

What are 5 feature of the wc habitus?

Answer 24

1. Fatalism
2. Present time orientation
3. Collectivism
4. Immediate gratification
5. Antischool subculture

Question 25

What impact does a wc habitus have in education? (DEA)

Answer 25

Some students may reject Ed. success as they see it as having to adopt a mc habitus

Question 26

What are 5 features of a mc habitus?

Answer 26

1. Work hard to achieve 2. Future time orientation 3. Individualism 4. Delayed gratification 5. Pro school subculture

Question 27

What impact does a mc habitus have in education? (DEA)

Answer 27

mc values/ habitus benefits the Ed system where as wc values can clash with Ed

Question 28

Which classes habitus is valued by Ed. system?

Answer 28

mc Gives them symbolic capital where wc habitus = seen as tasteless + worthless Archer called this 'symbolic violence'

Question 29

What does Archer write about?

Answer 29

Uses Bourdieu term habitus to understand the relationship between pupils' wc IDs + underachievement 'Nike IDs'

Question 30

What causes 'Nike identities' according to Archer?

Answer 30

Symbolic violence placed against wc habitus Some find other ways to achieve status Create self-worth by rejecting mc values Wear Nike branded wear, deemed as tasteless by mc Plays role in rejection of higher education

Question 31

What educational policy did Bartlett argue disadvantages the wc?

Answer 31

Marketisation

Question 32

What are the 2 concepts used by Bartlett?

Answer 32

1. Cream skim (having best pupils) | 2. Silt Shift (remove pupils don't want, keep good ones)

Question 33

Why does Bartlett argue that marketisation disadvantages the wc?

Answer 33

Creates competition Can 'silt shift' those perceived to be less able Schools get better results School becomes more popular (oversubscribed) - 'silt shift' + 'cream skim' Get better results More funding etc. cycle repeats

Question 34

What educational policy has tries to combat Bartlett findings?

Answer 34

Pupil premium Schools get more £ for wc students will this get rid of silt shift? Probably not

Question 35

What do Gillbron + Youdell argue that marketisation has lead to?

Answer 35

A-C economy Those going to fail/pass anyway = ignored Teachers focus time on borderline students (C/D) More students that achieve Cs, improves schools position in league tables Called this, EDUCATIONAL TRIAGE