Oropharynx

Question 1

Cleft lip

Answer 1

failure of maxillary and medial nasal processes to fuse

cause: genetic syndrome, toxins, folate deficiency

Question 2

Cleft palate

Answer 2

failure of lateral palatine processes, nasal septum, and median palatine processes to fuse

cause: genetic syndrome, toxins, folate deficiency

Question 3

Draw out Taste, Sensation, Motor to tongue

Answer 3

Page 410

Anterior 2/3 - 1st (and 2nd) branchial arch
-VII taste, V3 sensation

Posterior 1/3 - 3rd and 4th branchial arch

• IX for taste and sensation
• X for very posterior area

Motor: XII - hypoglossal N.

Question 4

glossitis

Answer 4

inflammation of tongue caused by Vit B and iron deficiencies

beefy red, smooth

Question 5

Leukoplakia

Answer 5

areas of keratosis, more common in smokers

mucus membranes

Question 6

oral thrush

Answer 6

Candida albicans

infancy and immunocompromised

Question 7

Oral herpes

Answer 7

HSV1 primarily (rare HSV2)

Question 8

Aphthous ulcers

Answer 8

painful ulcer assoc w/ trauma, citrus fruits, stress, food allergies, vit b12 deficiency, Behcet’s and Crohn’s dz

Question 9

Salivary glands

Answer 9

parotid - watery
submandibular gland
Sublingual gland - most mucinous

Question 10

Function of salivary glands

Answer 10

alpha-amylase - breakdown starch
bicarbonate
mucins - lubircate food
IgA - antibacterial
growth factors for epithelial cell turnover

Question 11

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands

Answer 11

Sympathetic - thick secretions
-superior cervical ganglion

Parasympathetic - watery
-CN VII and IX

Question 12

Xerostomia

Answer 12

severe drying of mouth, assoc w/ Sjogren’s

Question 13

Sialolithiasis

Answer 13

stones blocking salivary gland duct

tx w/ sour candy

stinson duct of parotid

Question 14

Sialadenitis

Answer 14

MC bacteria S. aureus and viridian’s group streptococci

Question 15

Pleomorphic adenoma

Answer 15

MC
epithelial and mesenchymal cells
benign
can lead to facial nerve injury

women 20-40s

Question 16

warthin tumor

Answer 16

second MC benign tumor

Question 17

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Answer 17

MC malignant tumor, second MC overall

Question 18

Salivary gland tumor location probability of malignancy

Answer 18

parotid less than 30% malignant
sublingual >70% malignant
other glands between

Question 19

Infectious rhinitis

Answer 19

common cold

coronavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, echovirus

Question 20

Allergic rhinitis

Answer 20

triggered by airborne allergens

tx w/ intranasal steroids

Question 21

Nasal polyps

Answer 21

overgrowth of mucosa

tx intranasal steroids

Question 22

Cocaine

Answer 22

potent vasoconstrictor - cause perforation of nasal mucosa

Question 23

Eustachian tube dysfunction

Answer 23

blocked by mucus or inflammation

tx intranasal steroids

Question 24

paranasal sinuses

Answer 24

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

Question 25

Sinusitis

Answer 25

facial pain
fever
purulent nasal discharge

Question 26

Tonsilitis

Answer 26

caused by S. pyogenes

Recurrent –> tonsillectomy +/- adenoidectomy

if too large can cause OSA –> tonsillectomy