Human Bio Unit 1 - Tuberculosis and Emphysema

Question 0

Where does it target?

Answer 0

Any part of the body

Lungs most common as the droplets go there first when breathed in

Question 1

Cause

Answer 1

Bacteria spread by droplet infection

People can expel the bacteria when they sneeze or cough and infect others around them

Question 2

What it does

Answer 2

TB bacteria live in tubercles

Bacteria invade the macrophages that surround the tubercles

Triggers the tubercles to grow

The tubercles may invade the bronchioles or any other part of the lungs, or pass into the blood stream and causes a secondary infection

Tubercles liquify in centre which allows the bacteria to multiply

Lung tissue and bronchioles die and cavities appear in the lungs

Question 3

What do the bacteria do when inside the tubercles?

Answer 3

Sit there dormant unable to multiply

Question 4

What is the bacteria called?

Answer 4

Mycobacterium

Question 5

Secondary infection

Answer 5

Where the bacteria invade other parts of the body

Question 6

How many people a year are infected?

Answer 6

8 million

Question 7

How many infected people die a year?

Answer 7

2.6 million

Question 8

Mycobacterium bovis

Answer 8

Form of TB found in cattle

Can get infected if you eat meat or most likely if you drink unpasteurised milk

Question 9

Where does the infection of mycobacterium bovis from milk normally effect?

Answer 9

Bones

Question 10

What increases your chances of mycobacterium becoming active?

Answer 10

Suffering from AIDS

Question 11

Symptoms

Answer 11

Starts with mild cough

Cough up yellow and green sputum

Fever and loss of appetite

Chest pain

Breathing difficulties

Coughing up blood

Skin infections

Weight loss

Question 12

Diagnosing TB

Answer 12

Chest x-ray

Skin test

Mantoux or tuberculin test

Question 13

Treatment

Answer 13

Mixture of 4 different antibiotics

Take for 6 months

Question 14

Why do you have to take a mixture of antibiotics to treat TB?

Answer 14

To make sure that the bacteria haven’t got antibiotic resistance to it

Question 15

Why do you have to take the antibiotics for 6 months to treat it

Answer 15

The tubercles are hard to penetrate

Question 16

Reasons for increased amount of case of TB

Answer 16

HIV and AIDS

Increased travelling

Poor accommodation and overcrowding

Drug resistant forms of TB

Question 17

Robert Koch

Answer 17

1880’s

Proved that micro-organisms cause diseases

Question 18

Robert Koch’s experiment

Answer 18

1) Isolate micro-organism in ill organism but not in healthy
2) Grow the micro-organisms
3) Infect healthy organism with micro-organism so they get ill
4) Isolate the micro-organism from the previously healthy organism and check if the same as the one in the ill organism

Question 19

Chances of being infected if exposed to TB

Answer 19

10-30%

Question 20

Percentage of people who when are infected only have dormant bacteria that doesn’t activate

Answer 20

90%

Question 21

Percentage of people who when infected develop TB within 2 years

Answer 21

5%

Question 22

Percentage of people who develop TB many years after being infected

Answer 22

5%

Question 23

How to remember symptoms

Answer 23

Ash is running to a sewage plant

He gets a mild cough

Cough up yellow and green sputum

Fever and loss of appetite

Chest pain

Breathing difficulties

Coughing up blood

Skin infections

Weight loss - gets skinnier as running

Question 24

What does smoking cause?

Answer 24

Emphysema

Question 25

What is empysema?

Answer 25

When the walls of the alveoli break down

Many of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli also disappear

Question 26

What does the effects of emphysema cause?

Answer 26

Difficulty getting oxygen into the blood

Lung tissue loses elasticity, makes breathing harder

Sufferers become breathless easily

Question 27

Another effect of smoking apart from emphysema?

Answer 27

Lining of trachea and bronchi are damaged

Repaired with fibrous tissue, which is thicker than the original tissue

Makes airways narrower so harder to get air into lungs

Question 28

Why do people with tuberculosis have a persistent cough?

Answer 28

Mucus/sputum production blocks/irritates airways

Question 29

Why do people with tuberculosis absorb less oxygen per breathe than a healthy person?

Answer 29

Alveoli are broken down

Reduces surface area of lungs

Question 30

Why do people with TB have to take antibiotics for several months?

Answer 30

Difficult for antibiotics to penetrate the tubercles because of dead tissue/fibrous tissue

Tubercles act as a reservoir of infection