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from flashcardlet > Human Bio Unit 2 - Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Human Bio Unit 2 - Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

0
Q

Somatic cells

A

Anything cell that’s not a sex cell

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1
Q

Mitosis

A

Division into 2 daughter cells

Daughter cells genetically identical to each other and parent

Happens in somatic cells

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

Division into 4 unique daughter cells

Each has half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell

Happens in sex cells

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3
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A

Interphase

Prophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Telaphase

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4
Q

Way to remember the four parts of mitosis

A

People - Prophase

Masticate - Metaphase

At - Anaphase

Tea-time - Telaphase

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5
Q

Interphase

A

90-95% of the cell cycle

Isn’t mitosis

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6
Q

Stages of interphase

A

Gap 1

S phase

Gap 2

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7
Q

Gap 1 (Interphase)

A

Cell grows in size

Synthesises RNA and protein

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8
Q

S phase (Interphase)

A

DNA is replicated

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9
Q

Gap 2 (Interphase)

A

Checks for and repairs damage to the DNA before proceeding

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10
Q

Prophase (mitosis)

A

Chromosomes condense into defined units

Nuclear envelope breaks down

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11
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Two identical chromatids

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12
Q

Metaphase (mitosis)

A

Chromosomes congregate across the middle of the cell

Spindle fibres start to grow from the poles towards the chromosomes

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13
Q

Anaphase (mitosis)

A

Spindle fibres pulls chromosomes apart

Takes a chromatid from each chromosome into opposite poles

Nuclear membrane reforms around the chromotids at each pole

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14
Q

Telophase (mitosis)

A

Cell’s cytoplasm divides in half

Called cytokinesis

Ends up with two new cells

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15
Q

Spindle fibres

A

Polymers

Made from a protein called tubulin

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16
Q

Specialised cells

A

Multicellular organisms delegate jobs to particular groups of cells

17
Q

How many different types of cells are there in the human body?

A

Over 200

18
Q

How cells help make up a organism

A

Group of interconnected cells that perform a similar function is a TISSUE

Different types of tissues work together to make an ORGAN

Different types of organs work together within an ORGAN SYSTEM

Different organ systems make up a ORGANISM by focusing on particular tasks

19
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

20
Q

Where stems cells come from

A

Zygote divides and develops into a blastocyst

Outer layer of cels form placenta

Inner mass of cells develop into embryo

Inner cells are stem cells and make up different parts of the body

21
Q

Adult stem cells

A

ie dormant in the bodies tissues throughout adult life

22
Q

Use of meiosis

A

Sperm and egg cell production

23
Q

Why is meiosis good for sex cell production?

A

Produces variation which decreases chances of inherited diseases being passed on

24
Q

Meiosis I

A

Genes randomly divided in two

Results in 2 haploid daughter cells

25
Q

Meiosis II

A

Each chromosome is split into 2 chromatids

Forms 2 daughter cells with a chromatid each

Results in haploid gametes

26
Q

Chiasmata

A

When homologous pairs of chromosomes swap parts of their genetic material

When they cross over

27
Q

Independent assortment

A

The proccess where chromosomes from each cell are randomly allotted to the daughter cells

28
Q

Daughter cells produced by mitosis

A

2 diploid daughter cells

29
Q

Daughter cells produced by meiosis

A

4 haploid daughter cells

30
Q

Cells created by meiosis

A

Gametes

31
Q

Cells produced by mitosis

A

Somatic cells

32
Q

Type of reproduction in mitosis

A

Asexual

33
Q

Type of reproduction in meiosis

A

Sexual

34
Q

Number of divisions in mitosis

A

1 division of the nucleus

1 cytokinesis

35
Q

Number of divisions in meiosis

A

2 nuclear

2 cytokinesis

36
Q

Chromosome number in daughter cells in mitosis

A

Remains the same

46

37
Q

Chromosome number in daughter cells in meiosis

A

Reduced by half

23 in each

38
Q

Explain how meiosis leads to the chromosomes number being constant from one generation to the next

A

Meiosis produces haploid gametes

Gametes fuse together to form a zygote and the full number of chromosomes

39
Q

What does homologous mean?

A

At the same loci

Have the same genes

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