Bones and Joints

Question 1

What are the three classifications of joints by movement SAD

Answer 1

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses= allows slight movement (spine)
Diathroses = allows lots of movement (knee)

Question 2

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 2

Primary cartilaginous Joint (synchondrosis):
B - H - B
Very strong with no movement like the epiphyseal plate in growing bones

Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphyses):
B - H - FC - H - B
Joints of the sternum, intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis (midline - axial skeleton)
Limited movement so are classed as amphiarthroses

Question 3

What is proprioception

Answer 3

The bodys awareness of where it is in space

Question 4

What is the function of joints

Answer 4

The facilitate joints and transmit forces? (through weight bearing)

Question 5

What are bursae

Answer 5

These are a type of synovial joint.
Closed sacs lined with synovial membrane, lubricated with fluid. There to prevent rubbing. These are found where friction occurs e.g. between skin and bone, tendon and bones. Stop tendons becoming damaged and enflamed. Bursitis enflames the bursae due to over rubbing.

Question 6

What is the synovial sheath

Answer 6

Specialised bursae that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure e.g. those in the hand and foot. These are potential spaces and therefore a potential route for infection down to the wrist.
SPACE = POTENICAL ROUTE FOR INFECTION

Question 7

What do synovial joints do

Answer 7

Provide friction free movement - consist of collagen fibres that are thickened along lines of stress to form ligaments (limit movement to support structures like the knee)

Question 8

What are the ends of synovial joints lined with

Answer 8

Articular cartilage, this is a form of hyaline cartilage that creates a frictionless surface. doesn’t heal well due to lack of blood supply

Question 9

What are the two forms of ligaments that support the bone

Answer 9

• Intrinsic (thickening of joint capsule) Ligaments = part of capsule
• Extrinsic Ligaments (outside joint capsule) = Outside the capsule e.g. the knee

Question 10

What is the synovial membrane

Answer 10

collagenous tissue that lines the fibroid capsule. It secretes synovial fluid which reduces friction between the articular surfaces

Question 11

What is synovial fluid made up of

Answer 11

hyaluronic acid, lubricant, small number of phagocytic cells

Question 12

What are some properties of synovial fluid

Answer 12

It can change its physical properties such as its viscosity depending on the force put through it as it is shock absorbing. I provides nutrients and 02 for the articular cartilage and removes waste

Question 13

How doe exercise effect synovial fluid

Answer 13

It decreases the viscosity so that lubrication improves this is known as thixotropic

Question 14

Where is intra-articular discs found

Answer 14

in joints where there is a rotary movement this is to depend and support the joint

Question 15

What is rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 15

This is a form of autoimmune disease that causes a change in synovium which leads to the destruction of the articular cartilage

Question 16

What are the different kinds of muscle

Answer 16

• Skeletal = voluntary/striated
• Visceral = involuntary/smooth
• Cardiac = involuntary/striated

Question 17

What factors effect stability

Answer 17

• Shape of the bones = deep socket? Big head? Flat socket?
• Strength and position of the ligaments – stretching =. Is there lots?
• Tone of the surrounding muscles = Tone is continuously contraction in the muscle
  The shape of the articular surfaces determines the range of movement at a joint
• Ball and socket joints allow movement in three planes
• Hinge joints allow movement in one plane

Question 18

What is osteoarthritis

Answer 18

This is a form of degenerative disease which occurs in the articular cartilage in the weight bearing joints due to ware and tare. This is the most common form of arthritis. Extra bone growth which means the bone has restricted movements.

Question 19

Define what a muscle is

Answer 19

Consists of cells that when stimulated by nerves, contract causing tension that brings about movement at synovial joints. Some muscles attach directly to periosteum via fleshy muscle fibres. Other muscles attach indirectly to periosteum via tendons i.e. tendons attach muscle to bone

Question 20

Tell me about muscle fibres

Answer 20

These are arranged in bundles or fasciculi, these muscles are associated with extensive connective tissue coverings that support nerves and capillaries.

Question 21

Compartment functional groups in muscles

Answer 21

• The prime mover is main participant in movement
• Other muscles in the group are synergists
• The group of muscles that oppose the movement are antagonists, this smoothes out the action

Question 22

What is the endomysium

Answer 22

eparates the muscle fibres a form a deep fascia, this allows it to slide over muscles close to it

Question 23

What are deep fascia

Answer 23

divides the limbs into compartments such as the arm – posterior and anterior

Question 24

define tendons

Answer 24

formed from fascia joining muscle to bone

Question 25

Name and describe the three types of fibrous joints

Answer 25

Sutures = joints between skull vault bones this is an example synarthroses and cannot move
Syndesmosis = Fibrous membrane between bones, Radioulnar interosseous membrane. such as the bones in your arms and legs, the fibres which join them together
Gomphosis = “Peg and socket” – teeth in the jaw

Question 26

Define ligaments

Answer 26

Join bone to bone

Question 27

What is a joint

Answer 27

Where two bones meet

Question 28

What is the perimysium

Answer 28

Lies between fasciculi

Question 29

What are the three classifications of joint by soft tissue

Answer 29

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous = two sub types
• Synovial = most common

Question 30

What is the epimysium

Answer 30

Dense sheath on the surface

Question 31

Describe the process of skeletal muscle differentiation

Answer 31

Myosatellite cells give rise to myoblasts, which mature in myocytes
Myostatin inhibits this process of differentiation

Question 32

Types by movement

Answer 32

Synarthroses = no movement
Amphiarthroses = little movement
Diarthroses = movement in a single plane