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Y1S1 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

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2
Q

What are the testes surrounded by

A

the tunica vaginalis and suspended in the scrotum to keep cool

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3
Q

Where does sperm pass through

A

from the tubules to the epididymis

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4
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

the site of the germination, maturation, and transportation of the sperm cells within the male testes

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5
Q

Tell me about the skin of the scrotum

A
  • they suspend the testes outside the body
  • skin is rugose and contains dartos muscles
  • has a midline raphe and is divided by a septum
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6
Q

Tell me about the location and action of the ovary

A

ovaries lie on the lateral pelvic wall
-ovulation into the peritoneal cavity where they ovum is picked up by the fimbriated (finger-like projections) end of the tube of the uterine (Fallopian tube) tube

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7
Q

uterus

A

pear shaped, central pelvic organ for implantation of the fertilised ovum and growth of the foetus

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8
Q

tell me about the supportive uterine ligaments

A

fascial thickenings on the pelvic floor that pass from:

  • the uterus
  • cervix
  • sacrum
  • pubis
  • lateral pelvic walls
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9
Q

Gonads

A

produce seed cells for gametes

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10
Q

what do female gonads produce

A

oocytes by oogenesis

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11
Q

What do male gonads produce

A

sperm by spermatogenesis

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12
Q

What are the layers of the ovum

A

external layer = theca extern
internal layer = theca interna
layer after the internal = granulosa
centre = antrum

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13
Q

Efferent ductules

A

Connect the numerous thin tubes coming from the testes into one tube known as the epididymus

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14
Q

What are the 5 primary hormones in the HPG Axis

A
  • hypothalamic signally hormone
  • Pituitary hormones
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Luteinising hormone
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
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15
Q

What hormones are released when the ovaries are targeted

A

progesterone and oestradiol

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16
Q

Which cells secrete TESTOSTERONE

A

Leydig cells

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17
Q

What types of hormones do the ovaries produce

A

oestrogen’s

progestins

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18
Q

What kind of feedback allows for precise regulation of function

A

multi-tiered endocrine axis feedback

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19
Q

What are the two main hypothalamic areas involved in ovarian control

A

preoptic nucleus

supraoptic nucleus

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20
Q

GnRH

A

peptide hormone

  • produced as pro hormone
  • modified to active form
  • secreted into hypophyseal portal system
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21
Q

Tell me about the release of GnRH

A
  • requires less energy
  • does not desensitise target tissue receptors
  • Stress, other inputs influence secretion
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22
Q

How is GnRH delivered to the pituitary gland

A

via the hypophyseal portal circulation to anterior pituitary gonadotrobes

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23
Q

What do gonadotrobes secrete

A

-FSH
-LH
these target gonads

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24
Q

What do oocytes contain

A

follicles in various stages of development:

  • primordial
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • Graafian
  • Follicles
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25
Q

What are endocrine ovaries primarily related to

A
  • latter follicles
  • involvement of theca and granulosa
    These work co-operatively to synthesise and secrete oestradiol
26
Q

Theca Cells

A

Superficial layer of follicle
Have LH receptors
Convert cholesterol into pregnenolone
Produce androstenedione and testosterone

27
Q

Granulosa

A
  • Deep compared
  • Layer increases in size markedly during 1 and 2 follicle development
  • Have LH and FSH receptors
  • convert cholesterol into pregnenolone + activa aromatase
28
Q

Whats the roles of Thecal cells

A

donate androstenedione to granulosa cells which cannot produce it because of a lack of key enzymes

29
Q

oogonia

A

immature female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis. Increase in number at fatal stage

30
Q

what happens at 20 weeks gestation

A

oogonia mature into oocytes which then decline until exhausted

31
Q

What are the three main oestrogen’s

A

oestradiol
oestrone
oestriol

32
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the bones

A

increase growth via osteoblasts

33
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the endocrine system

A

increase progesterone responses

34
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the liver

A

increase clotting factors
increase in steroid-binding proteins
decrease in total and LDL
increase in HDL

35
Q

Oestrogen’s effects on the reproductive organs

A

Increase in uterine growth
increase in vaginal and fallopian tub growth
Increase in breast growth
Increase in cervial mucas secretions
Increase in LH receptors on granulosa cells

36
Q

Tell me about the mid-cycle shift

A
  • from negative to positive
  • caused by the up regulation of receptors when oestrogen levels are increased
  • Results in LH and FSH surge prior to ovulation
37
Q

What are the four things the ovaries secrete

A

oestrogen’s
progestins
inhibins
activins

38
Q

Tell me about progestins

A
  • made of progesterone and 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone
  • produced in theca and granulosa cells
  • short half life of 5 mins in circulation
  • secretion regulated intrinsically by oestrogen
39
Q

progestins effect on breast tissue

A

increase in lobular development and a decrease in milk production

40
Q

progestins effect on reproductive organs

A

decrease in endometrial growth
increase in endometrial secretions
Mucosal secretions become thicker

41
Q

Progestins effect on temperature

A

Increase in internal temperature

42
Q

What makes up the menstrual cycle

A

Ovarian cycle + endometrial cycle

43
Q

What are the two phases in the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase = development of mature Graafian follicle and secondary oocyte
the luteal phase

44
Q

What happens In the luteal phase

A

dominated by the corpus luteum actions which secrete oestrogen and progesterone (this is needed for implantation and maintenance of any fertilised oocytes)

45
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation takes place

A

regresses and degenartes in 10-12 days

46
Q

What is the three phases in the endometrial cycle

A

proliferation phase
secretary phase
Menstruation

47
Q

What happens in the proliferation phase

A

endometrial growth mediated by increased oestrogen’s
- from 1-2mm to 8-10 mm thick
-blood vessels and glands growth occur
Ovulation marks the end of this phase

48
Q

What happens in the secretory phase

A

Maturation of endometrium due to decreasing oestrogen’s
mucus glands more fully developed
Glands and blood vessels increase surface area

49
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase

A

if no conception, endometrial lining is replaced

  • vasoconstriction of spiral arteries
  • Local ishaemic injury
  • Inflammatory cell infiltration
50
Q

How is breast tissue prepared for lactation

A 
in puberty via gonadal hormones
in pregnancy via:
-oestrogens 
- progestins 
- hCG from foetus 
- Prolactin
51
Q

What is milk production mediated by

A

PROLACTIN

52
Q

What is milk let down mediated by

A

OXYTOCIN

53
Q

Tell me about the testes

A
  • leydig cells
  • blood vessels
  • seminiferous tubules (produce superman house Sertoli cells)
  • Testicular endocrine functions are in Leydig and Sertoli cells
54
Q

What does LH stimulation cause in the testis

A

increase in production of testosterone is leydig cells

55
Q

Migration of testosterone

A
  • testosterone moves from the leydig cells to the Sertoli cells
  • this stimulates FSH
  • which activates aromatase
  • which forms more estradiol
56
Q

role of estradiol

A

regulate protein synthesis in the nucleus of the Leydig cell

57
Q

Stages of development in spermatogenesis

A 
Spermatogonia 
primary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes
spermatids 
spermatozoa 
REGULATED BY TESTOSTERONE
58
Q

Testosterone effect in Bone and muscle

A

increase in growth of bone and connective tissue

59
Q

Testosterone effect on Skin

A

increase in sebaceous gland size and secretions

60
Q

Testosterone effect on Reproductive organs

A
  • increase in growth and development of testes, prostate, seminal vesicles and penis
  • Increase in growth of fascial, axillary and pubic hair
  • Increase in growth of the larynx
  • increase in spermatogenesis
61
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the testes

A

testosterone

inhibit

Y1S1 (71 decks)

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