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Y1S1 > The back > Flashcards

The back Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A

enables upright posture
supports body weight
protects and transmits spinal cord and spinal nerves
supports skull and allows for its movement
locomotion - provides attachment for trunk muscles

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2
Q

lordosis

A

concave posteriorly

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3
Q

kyphosis

A

concave anteriorly

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4
Q

cervical

A

30 degree lordosis

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5
Q

thoracic

A

40 degree kyphosis

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6
Q

lumber

A

45 degree lordosis

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7
Q

sacrococcygeal

A

kyphosis

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8
Q

tell me about primary curvatures

A

present in utero
concave anteriorly (kyphosis)
this remains in thoracic and sacral regions

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9
Q

tell me about secondary curvatures

A 
concave posteriorly (lordosis)
don't develop until infant lifts their head and stands to walk
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10
Q

What part of a vertebrae is susceptible to arthritis

A

articular facets and joint

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11
Q

cervical vertebrae

A 
small cell body 
uncinate processes at lateral edges 
transverse foramen 
bifid spinous processes 
superior articular facets which are flat and face superiorly and posteriorly 
flexion with some lateral flexion
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12
Q

atlas C1

A

no cell body
superior articular facets which articulate with the occipital condyles known as the base of the skull
it has s groove for the vertebral artery

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13
Q

atlas C2

A

body with odontoid processes or dens, these are for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas
superior articular facets which are flat and articulate with the inferior facets of the atlas
rotation of the head and neck at the Atlanta-axia joint

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14
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

superior articular facets - flat facing posteriorly on the arc of a circle which allows rotation
transverse process, long with a facet for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib
costal demi facets, upper for articulation with head of own rib, lower with rib below
spine is long and pointy inferiorly overlapping two vertebrae

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15
Q

lumbar

A

largest body
superior articular facets - concave and facing posteriorly interlocking with inferior facets
spine is sturdy, stumpy and quadrangular
extension and flexion and some lateral flexion but NO ROTATION

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16
Q

Sacrum

A

formed by 5 fused vertebra
sacral promontory is the anterior projection of S1
Median, intermediate, lateral crests : union of spinous, articular and transverse processes respectively.

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17
Q

synovial joints between articular facets

A

zygapophyseal facet joints

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18
Q

symphyses and secondary cartilaginous

A

between intervertebral discs

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19
Q

what forms the vertebral foramen

A

superior and inferior vertebral notches

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20
Q

What makes up a vertebral disc

A

outer annulus fibrosus which surrounds a central nucleus pulpous

21
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

gelatinous
absorbs compressive forces between vertebrae
relative collagen content increase with age

22
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

very strong, concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage

attached and kept in place by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

23
Q

herniated disc

A

nucleus may herniate or prolapse to compress the spinal cord
the caudal equina
an emerging spinal nerve
- due to the position of the posterior longitudinal ligament means that most disc herniations are posterolateral towards the intervertebral foramen

24
Q

where is the anterior Atlanta-axial and Atlanta occipital membranes

A

continues down as the anterior longitudinal ligament

25
Q

the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

a broad band on the anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae

  • between atlas and the sacrum
  • limits extension
26
Q

tectorial membrane

A

extends between the foramen magnum and C2

continues downwards as the posterior long. ligament

27
Q

the posterior long. ligament

A

posterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae

  • between c2 and sacrum
  • resists hyeprflexion.
28
Q

ligament flava

A

between vertebral lamina

limits sudden flexion and supports the curvatures

29
Q

inter transverse ligaments

A

between transverse processes

30
Q

supraspinous ligaments

A

between tips of spines and run between sacrum to C7

continues with ligament niche

31
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

intends between external occipital protuberance and posterior edge of foramen magnum down to c7
-limits flexion and provides muscle attachment

32
Q

intraspinous ligaments

A

between all spinous processes

33
Q

alar ligaments

A

from sides of dens to sides of foramen magnum

-prevents excessive rotation

34
Q

transverse ligament

A

keeps the dens close to the anterior arch

35
Q

cruciate ligament

A

transverse + superior and inferior long. fascicles

- prevents excessive movement between the Aix. atlas and occipital joint

36
Q

properties of extrinsic muscles

A

superficial
involved with movement of upper limbs and thoracic wall
innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves

37
Q

prosperities of intrinsic muscles

A

located deep between spinous processes and the angle of the ribs
adapted to provide support and movement in resistance to the effect of gravity
move the vertebral column
participate in moving the head
innervated by the posterior rami of the spinal nerves
stronger as are in OPPOSITION TO GRAVUTY

38
Q

Trapezius LAYER 1

A

covers:
the skull
ligamentum nuchae
spines of c7 to T12; to scapula and clavicle laterally
extends neck, retracts scapula, upper fibres elevate (rotate) the shoulders and lower fibres depress
has an accessory nerve

39
Q

Latissimus Dorsi LAYER 1

A 
covers:
iliac crest
fascia 
spines of T6 to T12 
lower ribs 
humorous 
does shoulder extension and adduction
nerve = thoracodorsal
40
Q

Levator Scapulae LAYER 2

A

scapular elevation

41
Q

Rhomboid minor and major LAYER 2

A

scapula retraction and elevation

42
Q

serratus posterior superior LAYER 2

A

inspiration

43
Q

serratus posterior inferior LAYER 2

A

expiration

44
Q

Layer 1-2 are what group fo muscles

A

EXTRINSIC

45
Q

What are the three layers of intrinsic muscles

A

superficial
intermediate
deep

46
Q

superficial intrinsic

A

splenius capitis (up) and cervicis (lower)
acting together: extend the neck
acting alone: rotate and laterally flex

47
Q

intermediate

A

erector spinae
Ilicostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

48
Q

Intermediate 2

A 
semispinallis:
capitis
cervicus
thoracis
multifundis 
lavatores castarum
49
Q

Deep

A 
deep to semispinalis capitis:
obliqulus capitis superior 
obliqus capitis inferior 
rectus capitis posterior major 
rectus capitis minor 
the sub-occipital triangle 
- transmits vertebral artery and vein as well as sub occipital nerve

Y1S1 (71 decks)

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